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Wayne R. Dynes Originally published in:
Garland Reference Library of Social Science, vol. 313, F. ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES D. COMPARISONS OF LESBIANS AND GAY MEN B. ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND EGYPT Q. CHINA, KOREA, AND CENTRAL ASIA U. THE HOMOSEXUAL MOVEMENT: UNITED STATES V. THE HOMOSEXUAL MOVEMENT: ABROAD C. ART: THE RENAISSANCE TRADITION D. MAIN CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS E. GAY CHURCHES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND OBSERVERS B. DICTIONARIES AND GLOSSARIES A. SOCIAL SEMIOTICS AND LIFESTYLE TRENDS A. ECONOMICS, BUSINESS, AND LABOR A. COUNSELING AND SOCIAL SERVICES H. HOMOPHOBIA AND STEREOTYPING K. RORSCHACH AND OTHER PROJECTIVE TESTS D. OTHER DEPTH PSYCHIATRY SCHOOLS J. RELIGIOUS AND RELATED "CURES" A. HOMOSEXUALITY AND (HETEROSEXUAL) MARRIAGE E. CHILDREN OF LESBIANS AND GAY MEN F. PARENTS OF GAYS AND LESBIANS C. TRANSSEXUALISM AND SEX REASSIGNMENT B. ANCIENT, CIVIL, AND CANON LAW I. GENERAL The tentative beginnings of the task of gathering references about
homosexual behavior ("sodomy") lie in the 17th and 18th centuries,
when savants--generally forensic physicians, legal scholars, and
theologians--began to record such writings as they were able to discover. The
19th century saw two major advances: the creation of erotic bibliographies
(comprising what were sometimes termed "curiosa") by collectors and
booksellers; and the compiling of systematic lists of references by
homosexuals themselves (e.g. Meienreis and Ulrichs). Much has been
accomplished in the present century, so that bibliographical control in the
sphere of homosexuality is currently regarded as well developed by
librarians at the Kinsey Institute, who enjoy a panoramic command of the
fields of sex research. Yet problems persist. There is a tendency, found
particularly but not exclusively among American scholars, to concentrate on
work in one language group, so that one's vision of the universe of research -
geographical and temporal — is narrowed. Moreover, there is no current annual
survey of progress in gay and lesbian studies. Only recently, in fact, have
some of the major current subject bibliographies, such as Art Index and MLA Bibliography, introduced homosexuality as a category. Entries in
some existing retrospective bibliographies are marred by misprints and
incomplete references, faults which may to some extent be excused because of
the rarity of many publications, which were often
published semiclan- destinely. In addition to the general bibliographies
cited below, more specialized ones will be found throughout this work under
the appropriate subject categories. 1. ASHBEE, HENRY SPENCER ("Pisanus Fraxi"). Bibliography of Forbidden Books. Introduction by Gershon Legman. New York: Jack
Brussel, 1962. 3 vols. Originally published in London under three
titles: Index librorum prohibitorum (1877), Centuria librorum absconditorum (1879), and Catena librorum tacendorum (1885). Other reprints are known. In addition to
standard bibliographical data, entries frequently contain an annotative essay
summarizing the contents with liberal quotations. Although these volumes
cover the whole field of erotica, they mention a considerable number of works
on homosexuality, some now neglected. Each volume has an index of authors,
titles, and subjects. 2.
AUGUST, EUGENE R. Men's Studies: A Selected and
Annotated Interdisciplinary Bibliography. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited,
1985. 233 pp. Covers some 600 English-language books, arranged in 21 topical
chapters, of which the last concerns homosexuality. Includes autobiographies
and fiction, as well as non-fiction. 3.
BEASLY, RUTH (ed.). International Directory of Sex Research and Related
Fields.
Boston: G. K. Hall, 1976. 2 vols. Lists over 1600 persons and
groups in 48 countries, with selected publications; derives from the files of
the Alfred C. Kinsey Institute, Indiana University. 4. BELL, LOUIS NEWTON. The Gay Seen,
or 200+ Approaches to the Fiction and Non-Fiction of the Other Sexual
Minority. Dominguez Hills: Educational Resources Center of
California State College, 1975. 147 pp. (Dominguez Hills Bibliographical
Series, 11) Select bibliography with
annotations; indexed. Sometimes idiosyncratic. 5. BREWER, JOAN SCHERER, and ROD W. WRIGHT (eds.). Sex Research: Bibliographies from the Institute for Sex Research. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1979. 212 pp. Classified list
of 4267 items, unannotated, selected from the holdings of the Alfred C.
Kinsey Institute, Indiana University. Homosexuality has restricted coverage
on the grounds that it is well treated in other publications. See "Sex
Variations" (pp. 43-56) and "Pedophilia" (pp. 138-41). Author
and subject indexes. 6. BULLOUGH, VERN L., W. DORR LEGG, BARRETT W. ELCANO,
and JAMES KEPNER (eds.). An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality.
New York: Garland, 1976. 2 vols. (406; 468 pp.) Despite some valid criticisms,
this monumental work (almost 13,000 entries) opened a new era in research
horizons in its subject as the first attempt to cover, without limitations of
country or time period, the entire ensemble of relevant fields—scholarly,
scientific, and creative. The title notwithstanding, only a few items are
annotated; misprints abound (esp. in the numerous German entries); and some
items are incorrectly assigned to the topical categories. Each volume has an
author index, but the absence of subject indexes hinders retrieval of
material on specific themes. 7.
Catalogus
van de Bibliotheek van het Nederlandsch Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee. The Hague: MWHK, 1922. 55 pp. Catalogue of books (Dutch,
German, French, and English) kept in the house of Jacob Anton Schorer, a
principal figure in the Dutch Scientific-Humanitarian Committee. An important
reference for its time, the Catalogus had a number of supplements,
of which four were published: 1 (1926; 28 pp.); 2 (1930; 22 pp.); 3 (1932; 24
pp.); and 4 (1936; 28 pp.). 8. COUROUVE, CLAUDE. Bibliographie des homosexualités, 1478-1881. Third ed. Paris: The author, 1981. A useful guide to French-language
publications, fiction and non-fiction, (This section is published together
with Fragments
4, by Courouve and Robert Kozérawski). It is continued in Bibliographie des homosexualités II, 1882- 1924. Third ed. (Paris: The author, 1981). A new, more comprehensive
edition is in preparation. 9. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM (ed.). Homosexuality in Canada: A Bibliography. New ed. Toronto:
Canadian Gay Archives, 1984. 378 cols. (CGA Publications, 9) Useful
classified list of material published in Canada or by and about Canadians
abroad. Less comprehensive for French-language than English-language
materials. 10. DALL'ORTO, GIOVANNI. Leggere
omosessuale.
Turin: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1984. 108 pp. Fundamental list of 749
Italian-language items published between 1800 and 1983, annotated throughout.
Includes translations into Italian as well as original works. 11. DYNES, WAYNE. "A Bibliography of Bibliographies
of Homosexuality," Cabirion and Gay Books Bulletin, no. 10
(1984), 16-22. About 180 items, annotated, in all major languages. Includes
some fugitive and minor items not cited here. There is also a somewhat
different version in Italian: "Bibliografia di bibliografie sull'omosessualità," Sodoma, 2
(1985), 39-54. 12. ELYSIAN FIELDS, BOOKSELLERS. Gay Literature [Title varies]. Elmhurst, NY: Elysian Fields, 1974ff. About 25 catalogues in this
series have appeared, which are noteworthy for
unusual and out-of-print items, which are sold by mail order. A number of gay
and lesbian bookstores in the United States have also produced noteworthy
catalogues, including A Different Light (Los Angeles), L'Androgyne
(Montreal), Chosen Books (Detroit), Giovannis Room (Philadelphia), Lambda
Rising (Washington, DC), Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop (New York City), and
Womanbooks (New York City). 13.
FEUCHT, RAINER C. Homosexualität und
Randgebiete. Ulm: BMCF Antiquariat, 1977. about 60 pp.
Carefully compiled bookseller's catalogue of 640 items in several languages.
Other useful European catalogues have been produced by the bookstores Les Mots à la Bouche (Paris),
Prinz Eisenherz (Berlin), Sodom (Munich), and De Woelrat (The Hague). 14. GAY, JULES, "COMTE
D'IÉNA."
Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à l'amour. Fourth ed., revised by J. Lemonnyer. Paris: J.
Lemonnyer, and Lille: Stéphane Bécour, 1894-1900. 4 vols. The most elaborate general erotic
bibliography of the 19th century. See also: Louis Perceau, Bibliographie du roman erotique au XIXe siècle (Paris: Georges Fourdrin- ier, 1930; 2 vols.). 15. A Gay Bibliography: Eight Bibliographies on Lesbian and Male
Homosexuality
[ed. by Jonathan Katz et al.]. New York: Arno Press, 1975. Comprises five short
bibliographies by Marion Zimmer Bradley; Gene Damon [Barbara Grier] and Lee
Stuart,
The Lesbian in Literature, A Bibliography (San Francisco,
1967); Noel I. Garde, The Homosexual in Literature (New York,
1959); and William Parker, Homosexuality: Selected Abstracts and Bibliography
(San Francisco, 1966). 16. GITTINGS, BARBARA. A Gay Bibliography.
Sixth ed. Philadelphia: Gay Task Force, American Library Association, 1980. 16
pp. List of 563 current items
selected to provide material that is supportive of gay people and arranged in
ten major categories. In addition to books and some periodical citations
(English language only), includes films and filmstrips. 17. HANSEN, BENT (ed.). Nordisk Bibliograf!:
Homoseksualitet. Copenhagen: Forlaget Pan, 1984. 32 pp. Annotated list of
original publications, fiction and nonfiction, arranged by country (Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). 18.
HERZER, MANFRED. Bibliographie zur
Homosexualität: Verzeichnis des deutschsprachigen nichtbelletristischen
Schrifttums zur weiblichen und männlichen Homosexualität aus den Jahren 1466
bis 1975 in chronologischer Reihenfolge. Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel, 1982. 255 pp. Exemplary bibliography (3404
items) of German-language non-fiction material arranged in chronological
order. Subject and author indexes. A complementary volume, admitting novels,
short stories, poetry and plays, is in preparation. 19. INDIANA UNIVERSITY. ALFRED C. KINSEY INSTITUTE FOR
SEX RESEARCH.
Sex Studies Index, 1980. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982. 219 pp. Classified list for the year by
author and subject (see esp. pp. 108-22). Apparently not continued. See also
R. Beasly; and J. S. Brewer and R. W. Wright, above; and M. S. Weinberg and A. Bell, below. 20. KEARNEY, PATRICK J. The Private Case: An Annotated Bibliography of the
Private Case Erotica Collection in the British (Museum) Library.
London: Jay Landesman, 1981. 360 pp. Definitive catalogue of the
long-mysterious British Library special collection, supplanting A. Rose (see
below) for the items that it contains. Only a small number of entries are
directly pertinent. 21. [MEIENREIS, RICHARD.]
"Bibliographie der Homosexualität,"
JfsZ, 1 (1899), 215-38. This list inaugurated the
annual bibliographical coverage of the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen,
published under the auspices of the Berlin Scientific-Humanitarian Committee,
which set world standards for homosexual bibliography. In the first ten years
of compilation over 1000 contemporary publications were noted, some reviewed
in considerable detail by Eugen Wilhelm. 22. MILLER, ALAN V. Homosexuality in Specific Fields: The Arts, the
Military, Prisons, Sports, Teaching and Transsexuals: A Selected
Bibliography.
Toronto: Ontario
Ministry of Labour, Library, 1978. 58 pp. Something of an omnium
gatherum, but sometimes useful for out-of-the-way items. The author has since
pursued more defined bibliographical tasks in excellent work produced under
the auspices of the Canadian Gay Archives in Toronto. 23. MILLETT, ANTHONY PERCIVAL UPTON.
Homosexuality: A Bibliography of Literature Published Since 1959 and
Available in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Library School, 1967.
55 pp. (Bibliographical Series, 5) Conscientious list, chiefly of
interest for a few local publications. 24. PAOLELLA, EDWARD. "A Gay/Lesbian Studies
Bibliography of Resources Selected from Non-Homosexual Periodical
Literature,"
Gay Books Bulletin, no. 6 (1981), 26-30. Continued, with contributions
from various researchers, in Gay Books Bulletin, nos.
7-9. 25. PARKER, WILLIAM. Homosexuality: A Selective
Bibliography of Over 3000 Items. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press,
1971. 323 pp. Emphasizes nonfiction, in
English only, with the items arranged by type of publication. Subject and
author indexes. Continued in his useful Homosexuality Bibliography:
Supplement 1970-1975 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977; 337
pp.); and
Homosexuality Bibliography: Second Supplement, 1976-1982
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1985; 395 pp.). 26. PIA, PASCAL. Les livres de l'enfer du XVIème siecle à nos jours. Paris: C. Coulet et A. Faure, 1978. 2 vols. Definitive bibliographie raisonnée of the famous Enfer (private case) of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The
annotations contain much useful information on obscure writers, editors, and
publishers. Alphabetically arranged by title, with author index. 27. POTTER, CLARE. The Lesbian Periodicals Index. Tallahassee,
FL: Naiad Press, 1986. 413 pp. Comprehensive index of 42 U.S. lesbian
periodicals by author and subject (1947ff.). Does not include The Ladder (which
has its own index, included in the 1975 Arno Press reprint) or
"mixed" periodicals with substantial lesbian content, such as
Boston's Gay
Community News. 28. [ROSE, ALFRED.] "ROLF S. READE."
Registrum librorum eroticorum. London: privately printed, 1936.
2 vols. Ambitious, occasionally
disorganized and inaccurate list of 5,061 erotic works in major European
languages. A reprint appeared in 1965 (New York: Jack Brussel). 29. SEROYA, FLORA C., et al. Sex and Sex Education: A Bibliography. New York: Bowker, 1972.
336 pp. A well-balanced selection for the period, with some
annotation. Author, title, and analytic subject indexes. "Homosexuality
and Lesbianism" (pp. 94-104). 30. [SFEIR-YOUNIS, LOUIS F., ed]. Vital
Research on Homosexuality. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms
International, 1982. 16 pp. List of 214 M.A. and Ph.D.
dissertations submitted to U.S. universities, 1936-82, and available in xerox
or microfilm editions. 31. SHARMA, UMESH D., and WILFRIED C. RUDY. Homosexuality:
A Selected Bibliography. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Lutheran
University, 1970. 114 pp. A conscientious effort in its
time, now largely obsolete. 32. SHORE, DAVID A. An Annotated Resource Guide to Periodicals in Human
Sexuality.
Chicago: The author, 1978. 38 pp. Discusses 53 periodicals. 33. SLEUTJES, MARTIEN (ed.). Catalogus van Leeuwen Bibliotheek: Historische
Bibliotheek van de N.V.I.H.-C.O.C. Amsterdam:
N.V.I.H.-C.O.C., 1983. 123 pp. Catalogue of the collections of
the leading Dutch homosexual organization (ca. 2177 titles). 34. SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE. UNITED STATES ARMY. Index-Catalogue
of the Library. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1880-1955. 58 vols, in 4 series. Contains references to medical
and psychiatric books and articles in many languages, some not noticed
elsewhere. See "Sexual Instinct
..." as well as "Homosexuality." 35. TASK FORCE ON LESBIAN AND GAY
ISSUES. An Annotated Bibliography of Lesbian and Gay Readings. New York:
Council on Social Work Education, 1983. 41 pp. About selected 350 entries,
almost all annotated. Chiefly nonfiction with a social-science emphasis, but
including a few novels and poetry collections. 36.
ULRICHS, KARL HEINRICH.
"Argonauticus." Zastrow und die Urninge des pietistischen,
ultramontanen und freidenkenden Lagers, Leipzig: Serbe, 1869.
159 pp. This pamphlet, ninth in the
writer's series on Uranian love, concludes with the first known attempt at a
separate bibliography on homosexuality (pp. 155-58). The list
("Schriften über Urningsliebe") begins with Ulrichs first eight
pamphlets, followed by 27 works in ancient and modern European languages.
This bibliography is not included in reprints of the pamphlet. 37.
WEIGEL, ADOLF. Bibliographisches
Verzeichnis der Bibliotheken von Professor Dr. Paul H. Brandt and Baron
Werner v. Bleichroder. Leipzig: The author, 1930. The first half of this book
catalogues the scholarly library of Paul H. Brandt ("Hans Licht";
1875-1929), the great German expert on homosexuality in classical antiquity. 38. WEINBERG, MARTIN S., and ALAN P. BELL (eds.). Homosexuality:
An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Harper and Row, 1972. 550
pp. This large work, compiled under the auspices of the Kinsey Institute of
Indiana University, provides detailed but uncritical abstracts for 1,263
books, pamphlets, and articles published in the English language from 1940 to
1968. The book stresses psychiatric, medical, and social-science
contributions (many harshly negative), of which only a selection is given in
this
Guide. This compilation, which is conscientiously done within
its own terms of reference, will serve to reconstruct th»e climate of opinion
prevailing in the United States and Britain through the late 1960s. For reasons that have not yet
been fully explained, the modern approach to the study of homosexual
behavior—its etiology, cultural history, psychology, and sociology—
originated in the 19th century, primarily in Germany. Independent scholars
such as Hoessli and Ulrichs, very much aware of their outsider status, delved deeply into
the history of the subject. Their accomplishments laid the foundations for
the Berlin Scientific-humanitarian Committee, begun in 1897 with the dual aim
of promoting legal reform and knowledge. The 19th century also saw the rise
of the modern psychiatric approach to the subject. (For Freudian
psychoanalysis, see XVII.B-C.) 39. ALETRINO, ARNOLD. "Uranisme et dégénérescence," Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle, 23 (1908), 633-67. An early sympathetic overview by a Dutch physician and novelist (1858-1916), who concludes that "degeneracy and innate homosexuality are no more closely linked than degeneracy and heterosexuality." The belief that homosexuality can occur in normal individuals was first enunciated by Aletrino in "Over uranisme en het laatste werk van Raffalovich (Marc André)," Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen 1 (1897), 351-65, 452-83. See Maurice van Lieshout, "Stiefkind der natuur: Het homobeeld bij Aletrino en Von Römer," Homojaarboek, 1 (1981), 75-105. 40.
BLOCH, IWAN. Das Sexualleben unserer
Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur. Berlin: Marcus, 1907. 822 pp. An early synthesis of the whole field of sexology by a Berlin dermatologist and polymath (1872-1922). There is an English translation by M. Eden Paul, The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Modern Civilization (London: William Heinemann, 1908; 790 pp.); see Chapter 19, "The Riddle of Homosexuality" (pp.487-535) and Chapter 20, "Pseudo-Homosexuality" (pp. 537-54). Among the many learned works Bloch published, his masterwork is probably Der Ursprung der Syphilis (Jena: Fischer, 1901-11; 2 vols.). Bloch sometimes wrote under the pseudonym "Eugen Dühren." 41. BLÜHER, HANS. Die Rede des
Aristophanes: Prolegomena zu einer Soziologie des Menschengeschlechts. Hamburg:
Kala-Verlag, 1966. 166 pp. An attempt, written towards the end of his life,
by the right-wing German homosexual theoretician (1888-1955), to summarize
his ideas. Blüher is best known for his stress on the role of male bonding in
the formation of states, as seen in his: Die Rolle der Erotik in der männlichen Gesellschaft (Jena:
Diederichs, 1917-18; 2 vols.). See Richard Mills in Gay Sunshine, no. 41-43
(1980, 41-45. 42. BURTON, RICHARD, SIR. "Terminal Essay, Part IV,
Social Conditions—Pederasty," in The Book of the Thousand Nights and
a Night (London: privately printed, 1886), vol. 10, pp. 205-54. In this learned essay, the
English diplomat and orientalist (1821-90) contends that there exists a
"sotadic zone" between the thirtieth and forty-third degrees, north latitude, within which homosexual behavior is popular and
endemic. For some glosses on this text, see Stephen W. Foster, "The
Annotated Burton," in: Louie Crew (ed.), The Gay Academic
(Palm Springs, CA: ETC, 1978), pp. 92-101. There is a biography, not
altogether satisfactory, by Fawn M. Brodie, The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir
Richard Burton (London: Penguin Books, 1971; 505 pp.). 43. CARPENTER, EDWARD. Homogenic Love and Its Place in a
Free Society. Manchester: Labour Press, 1894. 51 pp. An early defense of the dignity
of homosexual love by an English socialist and feminist (1844-1929). This
book was followed by several other notable publications, including Ioläus:
An Anthology of Friendship (London: Sonnenschein, 1902; 190 pp;
the third edition of 1920 was reissued by Pagan Press, New York, in 1982); The
Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women
(London: Sonnenschein, 1908; 175 pp.); Intermediate Types among Primitive
Folk (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1918; 185 pp.). The
fullest account of his life is: Tsu- shichi Tsuzuki, Edward
Carpenter... (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; 237
pp.). See also:
A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter (Sheffield: Sheffield
Central Libraries, 1949; 83 pp.); and Jonathan Cutbill, The
Writings of Edward Carpenter ... (London: Gay's the Word, 1980;
9 pp.). 44. CHEVALIER, JULIEN. Une maladie de personnalité:
l'inversion sexuelle: psycho-physiologie, sociologie, tératologie,
aliénation mentale, psychologie morbide, anthropologie, médecine judiciaire.
Lyon: Storck, 1893. 520 pp. A major early work on sexual inversion, which
treats it as a chief symptom of a hereditary neuro-psychopathic condition
that constitutes neither a distinct disease entity nor an instinctive
monomania. It is innate, appears from earliest childhood, is stable, is
accompanied by a significant phenomenology of mental or nervous
disturbances, and causes irrestistible impulses. The book is an expanded
version of an earlier work: De l'inversion de l'instinct sexuel au point de vue médico-légal (Paris: 0. Doin, 1885;
168 pp.). 45. ELLIS, HAVELOCK. Sexual Inversion. New
York: Arno Press, 1975. 299 pp. The noted English sexologist
and moralist (1859-1939) viewed homosexuality sympathetically, as a
congenital variation. This issue reprints the first English edition (London:
1897), which is quite rare. The book was actually first published in German
as translated by Alfred Kurella: Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl
(Leipzig: Georg Wigand, 1896; 308 pp.), a version which bore the name of
Ellis's collaborator, John Addington Symonds, removed in subsequent issues at
the behest of Symonds's heirs. Claude Courouve, in: Gay
Books Bulletin, no. 5 (1981), 23-25; and in:
Cabirion, no. 12 (1985), 30-31. 52. GUYON, RENÉ. Etudes
d'éthique sexuelle. Saint- Denis: Dardaillon, 1929-38. 6 vols. Of the ten volumes originally
projected by the French jurist and adviser to the Thai government, only the
first six appeared. Guyon sought to work out the full implications of the
distinction between the sexual instinct and the reproductive function. Two
parts have been translated into English: The Ethics of Sexual Acts (New
York: Knopf, 1934; 383 pp.); and Sexual Freedom (New
York: Knopf, 1939; 344 pp.). 53.
HEIMSOTH, KARL-GUENTHER. Hetero- und Homophilie: eine
neuorientierende An- und Einordnung der Erscheinungsbilder, der
"Homosexualität" und der "Inversion: in Berücksichtigung der
sogenannten "normale Freundschaft" auf Grund der zwei verschiedenen
erotischen Anziehungsgesetze und der bisexuellen Grundeinstellung des Mannes. Dortmund: Schmidt und Andernach, 1924. 33 pp. Heimsoth, an eccentric right-wing
German theorist, is remembered for two things: (1) he introduced the term
homophilia; and (2) he advocated an astrological approach to homosexuality
(see
Charakterkonstellationen, Munich: Barth, 1928; 200 pp.). 54.
HILLER,
KURT.
Paragraph 175: Die Schmach des Jahrhunderts! Hannover: P. Steegmann, 1922. 133 pp. Essays and speeches by a German
essayist, publicist and advocate of gay rights (1885-1972), involved in
several avant-garde and independent left movements during the period. See his
autobiography:
Leben gegen die Zeit (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1969-73; 2
vols.); as well as Lewis D. Wurgaft, The Activists: Kurt Hiller and the
Politics of Action on the German Left, 1914-1933 (Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society, 67:8, 1977; 114 pp.). 55. HIRSCHFELD,
MAGNUS.
Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes. Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1914. 1067 PP. This encyclopedic, indeed
monumental work sums up the accomplishments of a decade and a half of intense
activity on the part of a team of scholars associated with the Jahrbuch
für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, published by the Berlin
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee. Of necessity dated in the legal and
psychiatric fields, it remains worth consulting for the historical and
cultural information it distills. Numerous footnotes and indexes of names,
and subjects. There are complete reprints of 1920 and 1985, but the 1963
issue (Köppern im Taunus: Dithmar) is to be avoided inasmuch as it is
drastically abridged. 60.
JÄGER,
GUSTAV.
Entdeckung der Seele. Second ed.
Leipzig: E. Guenther, 1880. 387 pp. On pp. 245-54 and 264-66 of this now forgotten book, which promoted an eccentric olfactory theory of sexual attraction, the new term "homosexual" was transmitted to the medical and general public. Thereby Jager's informant Kertbeny relayed his ideas and terms to the generation of activists that emerged about 1900. See also his: "Ein bisher ungedrücktes Kapitel über Homosexualität aus Der Entdeckung der Seele," JfsZ, 2 (1900), 53-125. 61.
[KERTBENY, KÄROLY MARIA.] Paragraph 143 des Preussischen
Strafgesetzbuches von 14, April 1851 und seine Aufrechterhaltung als
Paragraph 152 im Entwürfe eines Strafgesetzbuches für den Norddeutschen
Bund. Leipzig: Serbe, 1869. 88 pp. This pamphlet is a legal memoir
by an Austrian-Hungarian writer (born Karl Maria Benkert; 1824-1882), calling
for the abrogation of the penalty for male homosexual conduct in the
projected penal code. This text employed the word "homosexual" for
the first time. The
memoir was supplemented by another: Des Gemeinschädliche des Paragraph
143 des preussischen Strafgesetzbuches vom 14. April 1851 und daher seine
nothwendige Tilgung als Paragraph 152 im Entwürfe eines Strafgesetzbuches fur
den Norddeutschen Bund (Leipzig: Serbe, 1870; 75 pp.). The attribution to Kertbeny, though likely, is not
absolutely certain; see Manfred Herzer, "Kertbeny and the Nameless
Love,"
JH, 12 (1985), 1-26. 62.
KRAFFT-EBING,
RICHARD VON.
Psychopathia sexualis: eine klinisch-forensische Studie. Stuttgart: Enke, 1886. 110 pp. The book that made the Austrian psychiatrist (1840-1902) famous: the first best seller in modern sexology. Pages 56-72 and 102-08 deal with sexual inversion. The author revised it repeatedly so that it attained 414 pp. by the ninth ed. of 1894. The twelfth ed. (1903) was the last he personally supervised. There are several English versions; see, e.g., that of Franklin S. Klaf, Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Forensic Study (New York: Stein and Day, 1965; 434 pp.). See also his "Neue Studien auf dem Gebiete der Homosexualität," JfsZ, 3 (1901), 1-36. 63. LOMBROSO, CESARE, and GUGLIELMO FERRERO. La donna
delinquente: la prostituta e la donna normale. Turin: Roux,
1893. 640 pp. Lombroso (1836-1909) was an
influential Italian criminologist who advocated a congenital theory of
criminal behavior. He regarded same-sex behavior—in this case lesbianism—as
an aspect of degeneration. There is an English version: The
Female Offender (New York: Philosophical Library, 1958; 313
pp.). See also:
L'uomo delinquente in rapporto all'antropologia, alia giuris- prudenza e alia
psichiatria. Turin: Bocca, 1889; 3 195 pp. An essay by a Spanish novelist and literary critic (1882-1937),
intended as a complement to Gide's Corydon. See also his work of literary criticism: Homosexualism«) creador. (Madrid: Javier Morata, 1933; 383 pp.). 69. RAFFALOVICH, MARC ANDRÉ. Uranisme et unisexualité: étude sur différentes manifestations
de l'instinct sexuel. Lyon: Storck, 1896. 363 pp. This substantial work by the Anglo-French-Polish writer (1864-1934)
offers a positive overview of the subject, seeking to redirect the dominant
medical discourse onto a more humane path. Raffalovich, who frequently contributed
articles on contemporary events and theories to the French periodical Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle, showed a strong interest in the biographies of noted
homosexuals. See Philip W. J. Healy, "Uranisme et Unisexualité: A Late Victorian View of Homosexuality," New Blackfriars, 59 (1978), 56-65; and "The Making of an
Edinburgh Salon," Journal of the Eighteen Nineties Society, no. 12-13 (1981-82), 25-39. 70.
RAMDOHR, FRIEDRICH WILHELM BASIL VON.
Venus urania: über die Natur der Liebe, über ihre Veredelung und
Verschönerung. Leipzig: Göschen, 1798. 4 vols. A diffuse work in the Sturm und Drang mode on love and
friendship, with some guarded comments on emotional relations between men as
a Platonic counterpart of heterosexual passion (vol. 3, 133-230). 71. SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON. Male Love: A Problem in Greek
Ethics and other Writings. Edited by John Lauritsen. New York: Pagan Press, 1983.
162 pp. The Essay "A Problem in Greek Ethics," which has a
complicated publishing history, was written by Symonds in 1873 as a defense
of homosexuality from the ancient Greek example. This volume contains an
appreciation of Symonds (1840-93) by Robert Peters. See also Symonds, The Letters. Edited by Herbert M. Schueller and Robert Peters
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1967-69; 3 vols.) and the Memoirs. Edited by Phyllis Grosskurth (New York: Knopf,
1985; 319 pp.). Some passages not otherwise easily available are found in
Percy Lancelot Babington, Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington
Symonds (London:
John Castle, 1925; 244 pp.). 72. TAMASSIA, ARRIGO.
"Sull’inversione dell'istinto sessuale," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e di medicina
legale, 4 (1878), 93-117. In an analysis deriving from the writings of J. L. Casper, K. F. 0.
Westphal and R. von Krafft-Ebing, the Italian psychiatrist introduced the
term "sexual inversion" as the equivalent of Westphal's
"konträre Sexualempfindung," which earlier writers in the Romance
languages had paraphrased awkwardly at best. Inversion became the inter- key insight of universal bisexuality was further
developed by the psychoanalytic school. See the translation: Sex and
Character (New York: G. Putnam's Sons, 1906; 356 pp.). 77. WESTERMARCK, EDWARD. The Origin and Development of Moral
Ideas. London: Macmillan, 1906-08. 2 vols. See Chapter 43,
"Homosexual Love" (vol. 2, pp. 456-89). From his field work and
extensive reading, the Finnish anthropologist Westermarck (1862-1939)
produced a remarkable cross-cultural tableau, which implicitly demonstrated
the variability of same-sex relations. See Timothy Stroup (ed.), Edward
Westermarck: Essays on His Life and Works (Acta Philosophica
Fennica, Helsinki, 34, 1982; 299 pp.; bibliography of his writings, pp.
274-92). 78. WESTPHAL, KARL FRIEDRICH OTTO. "Die konträre Sexualempfindung: Symptom eines neuropathologischen (psychopathischen) Zustandes," Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 2 (1869), 73-108. This paper is the starting
point for the modern psychiatric approach. Westphal's observations are based
largely on one female case examined in the psychiatric ward of the Charite
(General Hospital) in Berlin, as well as a male transvestite. He introduced
the concept of "contrary sexual feeling"—later standardized as the
Latin- derived "sexual inversion." In the 1920s efforts were made
in various countries to diffuse sexual enlightenment—birth control, marriage
counseling, and a better understanding of what were still called sexual
anomalies. The Great Depression, beginning in 1929, crippled these efforts
toward popular education. At the same time Hitler's rise to power radically
transformed German sexology, undercutting its position of leadership in the
world. Emigration from the European continent brought many
psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists to English-speaking countries,
particularly to the United States. With a few exceptions, these psychiatrists
generally regarded homosexuality as pathology, tended to acquiesce in the
indigenous penchant for "social engineering" as the answer to all
human problems, and helped to rationalize lingering religious opposition to
homosexuality. At the end of the 1940s the homosexual movement began in the
United States, making contact with the renascent but still stunted European
groups. Only later, in a changed social and intellectual climate, were open
homosexuals able to have a voice in their own self-defin- ition. 79. "ANOMALY." The
Invert. Second, enlarged ed. London: Baillere, Tindall and Cox,
1948. 290 pp. Reflections of a tormented English Catholic on a range of
homosexual behavior and ethics, intended as a plea for understanding. The
first half—originally published in 1927--is a valuable indicator of the
ambivalence then widespread in the English-speaking world. 80. ARTHUR, GAVIN. The Circle of Sex.
San Francisco: Pan-Graphic Press, 1962. 86 pp. A San Francisco homophile
writer uses the face of a clock to present twelve types of sexual
identity/orientation, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively
homosexual for both men and women. 81. CHESSER, EUSTACE. Odd Man Out: Homosexuality in Men and Women. London: Victor
Gollancz, 1959. 192 pp. A relatively liberal work for
its time, showing the influence of Kinsey's findings and the Wolfenden
Report. Chesser assumes that homosexual behavior is created by a faulty
child-parent relationship, but society has complicated the matter by
repressing deviant sexual behavior. See also: Edward Glover (ed.), The
Problem of Homosexuality (London: Institute for the Study of
Treatment of Delinquency, 1957; 40 pp.). 82. CHURCHILL, WAINRIGHT. Homosexual Behavior among Males: A Cross-Cultural
and Cross-Species Investigation, New York: Hawthorne Books, 1967.
349 PP. A synthesis by a homosexual
psychologist, discussing the history of homosexuality (including Christian
prohibitions) and theories of its causation. Churchill regards homosexual
responsiveness as a component of mammalian sexuality, increasing as the
evolutionary scale is ascended. Decries the sex-negativism ("eroto-
phobia" and "homoerotophobia") that our civilization has
enshrined in its legislation. 83. FISHER, PETER. The Gay Mystique: The Myth and Reality of Male
Homosexuality.
New York: Stein and Day 1972. 258 pp. A representative document of
the gay-liberation ferment following the Stonewall Rebellion in 1969,
discussing such matters as variations in gay-male lifestyles, civil rights,
and self-esteem. See also: John Murphy, Homosexual Liberation: A Personal
View (New York: Praeger, 1971; 182 pp.). 84. GROSS, ALFRED A. Strangers in Our Midst: Problems of
the Homosexual in American Society. Washington, DC: Public
Affairs Press, 1962. 182 pp. Humane views for the time of
the Director of the George W. Henry Foundation, New York. Criticizes the
police and the church for their tendencies to condemn rather than to
understand, but holds that homosexuals need psychotherapy for | their "disease." See also Gross's
reminiscences of his career: "American Experiment," Man and
Society: Journal of the Albany Trust, no. 10 (Winter 1966),
12-22. 85. KARLEN, ARNO. Sexuality and Homosexuality: A New View. New York: W. W.
Norton, 1971. 666 pp. Parts 1 and 2 (pp. 1-235) are chiefly concerned with
historical data, from ancient Mesopotamia to the present. The remainder of
the work presents case studies and interviews, framed by questionable
psychoanalytic interpretations. While this large book is poorly organized
and often intrusively judgmental, so that it must be used with caution, it
does contain many references ("Critical Bibliography," pp. 619-46).
See Geoff Puterbaugh, "The Mind of Arno Karlen," Gay
Books Bulletin, no. 8 (1982), 20-22. 86. MAGEE, BRYAN. One in Twenty: A Study of Homosexuality in Men and
Women.
London: Seeker and Warburg, 1966. 192 pp. BBC journalist's account of
homosexual behavior in Great Britain and the Netherlands, with discussions of
psychiatric attitudes, social patterns, and the legal situation. 87. MERCER, JESSIE DECAMARRON. They Walk in Shadow: A Study of Sexual Variations
with Emphasis on the Ambisexual and Homosexual Components and Our
Contemporary Sex Laws. New York: Comet Press Books, 1959. 573 pp. Turgid presentation of
biological, psychological, medical, socio-moral and legal aspects of sexual
variation. Commends the Wolfenden Report. 88. MIRABET I MULLOY, ANTONI. Homosexualidad hoy. Barcelona:
Editorial Herder, 1985. 490 pp. Comprehensive, positive work,
reviewing (1) recent scientific literature; (2) the history of repression
from the classical era through the Inquisition to modern times; (3) the
history of the gay movement from the turn of the century onwards; (4) the
achievements of gay and lesbian organizations in Catalonia. 89. PLUMMER, DOUGLAS. Queer People: The Truth about
Homosexuals. London: W. H. Allen, 1963. 122 pp. A British homosexual describes
his own life as well as the difficulties faced by homosexuals in England in
the days prior to the law reform of 1967. 90. SAGHIR, MARCEL T. and ELI ROBINS. Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation. Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins, 1973. 341 pp. Covers the whole area of male and female
homosexuality under a series of parallel chapter headings: childhood-
adolescent characteristics; sexual psychologic responses; homosexual
practices: statistical and behavioral considerations; heterosexual practices;
psychopathology; parental, home and family relationships; and sociological
considerations. Concludes that "treating homosexuality as a disease
and homosexuals as patients is neither scientifically tenable nor actually
feasible and practical." 91. SANDERS, DENNIS. Gay Source: A Catalog for Men. New York: Coward, McCann and
Geoghegan, 1977. 288 pp. A series of short pieces
coordinated to show the panorama of cultural, historical, lifestyle, and
political aspects of male homosexual experience. The lists of addresses of
organizations and the like are now largely out of date. 92. STEARN, JESS. The Sixth Man. Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1961. 286 pp. A heterosexual journalist
surveys the homosexual world in the Eisenhower-Kennedy era, covering places
of entertainment, professional interests, contacts, problems with the police
and blackmail, homosexual circles, aging, and homosexual types. 93. TRIPP, CLARENCE A. The Homosexual Matrix.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. 314 pp. Stimulating, sometimes
controversial discussion of sexual behavior from a multi-disciplinary
perspective that owes much to the work of Alfred C. Kinsey. Strongly
criticizing psychoanalytic beliefs and therapy, Tripp offers his own theories
concerning the dynamics of sexual relationships and the conditions that
produce eroticization of stimuli. He seeks to distinguish homosexual behavior
as such from effeminacy and inversion. 94. WEINBERG, GEORGE. Society and the Healthy Homosexual.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972. 147 pp. Pro-homosexual arguments of a
heterosexual psychologist. Strongly condemning irrational antihomosexual
prejudice, Weinberg's book disseminated the term "homophobia." 95. WEST, DONALD J. Homosexuality Re-examined. Minneapolis, MN: University of
Minnesota Press, 1977. 359 pp. This volume—a revision of the
author's 1968 book,
Homosexuality—seeks to present an updated review of the
psychological, sociological, and popular literature concerning the factors
that determine sexual orientation, the place of homosexuals in society, and
the problems they may encounter. The point of view is that of a reasonable,
though somewhat old-fashioned psychiatric liberalism. See also his:
"Homosexuality and Lesbianism," British Journal of Psychiatry,
143 (1983), 221-26. 96. ZANE, DAVID. Oh! Downtrodden.
Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra Publishing, 1976. 774 pp. Autodidact's collage of quotation and opinion,
focusing in large part on the posited parallels of the
stigmatiz- ation of homosexuals, Jews, blacks, cripples, and the mentally
ill. The appearance of the first
Kinsey Report in 1948, fifteen years after the destruction of the Berlin
Institut fiir Sexualforschung, represents a major turning point in the study
of sex. The work of Kinsey and his associates placed the subject in a
positivistic and quantitative framework that enhanced their authority in the
Anglo- Saxon mind. The Report also showed that the incidence of homosexual
behavior was much greater than had been previously assumed, and that it could
no longer be regarded as a rare anomaly. Moreover, the publications of
Kinsey and his associates also contributed to a movement for homosexual law reform,
which was to triumph in England and Germany in the late 1960s, enjoying
considerable, though incomplete success in the United States. There was much
resistance to the Kinsey Reports (the second, female one having appeared in
1953) , and some serious flaws were detected.
However, no other research team succeeded in rivaling these monuments of
investigation. In the 1970s the prestige of the Kinsey publications served as
the pretext for a tribe of illegitimate offspring—the journalistic
"reports," which professed to offer large cross- sectional studies
of current sexual mores, but were often little more than gossip. 97. A BANCROFT, JOHN. Human Sexuality and Its Problems. New York: Churchill Livingston,
1983. 447 pp. cottish author attempts a digest of sexual research to 1980 for
"health professionals specially inter- ed in working with sexual
problems." Clinically ented, the book's main focus is on research data
and interpretation. 98. BEACH, FRANK A. (ed.). Human Sexuality
in Four Perspectives, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1977. 330 pp. Eleven
well-coordinated papers surveying the state of the question from the
developmental, sociological, physiolog¬ical, and evolutionary points of view.
See esp. "Homosexuality" by Martin Hoffman (pp. 164-89) 99. BELL, ALAN P., and MARTIN S.
WEINBERG. Homosexualities:
A Study of Diversity among Men and Women, New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1978. 505 pp. This ambitious study, intended as a complement to the
two masterworks of A. C. Kinsey et al. (see below), examines the various ways
individuals have made social and psychological adjustments to their
homosexuality. The monograph is based on interviews conducted in the San
Francisco Bay area with 1500 individuals (including black men and women,
groups omitted from the two Kinsey studies) in a project supported by the
National Institute of Mental Health. The book has attracted criticism on
several grounds: (1) the limitation to San Francisco makes extrapolation to
the rest of North America problematic; (2) interviewing standards are
unclear; (3) the proposed typology of specific kinds of partnerships or
lifestyles— close-coupled, open-coupled, functional, dysfunctional, and
asexual—is of uncertain value. 100. BELL, ALAN P., MARTIN S. WEINBERG, and SUE KIEFER HAMMERSMITH. Sexual
Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1981. 242 pp. Like the previous work, this monograph
appears under the sponsorship of the Alfred C. Kinsey Institute for Sexual
Research, Indiana University. Reviewing the existing literature, the authors
conclude that there is no significant correlation between early family
experience and adult sexual preference and therefore that sexual preference
must be controlled essentially by biological-constitutional factors. In
addition to the expository volume, there is also a Statistical Appendix
(Blooming- ton: Indiana University Press, 1981; 321 pp.). 101. DOWNEY, LOIS. "Intergenerational Change in Sex Behavior: A
Belated Look at Kinsey's Males," Archives of Sexual Behavior,
9 (1980), 307-17. Five generations of respondents
(5,460 white males) were compared in terms of total frequency of sexual
behavior. Although homosexual contacts accounted for a constant percentage of
unmarried males over the five generations, more males in each generation were
actively engaging in homosexual activity. 102. GAGNON, JOHN H. "Sex Research and Social Change," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 4 (1975), 111-41. Argues that since the turn of
the century there has been a close relationship between sex research and
general social conditions. While the biological tradition is still strong
today, new emphasis is being placed on a cognitive-social learning
perspective. 103. GEBHARD, PAUL, and ALAN B. JOHNSON. The Kinsey Data: Marginal Tabulations of the 1938-1963 Interviews
Conducted by the Institute of Sex Research. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1979. 642 pp. Permits the reexamination of
certain questions covered in the 1948 and 1953 volumes. Tables 432-569
contain data pertinent to homosexual behavior. Responds in part to questions
posed by William G. Cochran et al., Statistical Problems in the Kinsey
Report (Washington, DC: American Statistical Association, 1954;
338 pp.). 97. GIESE, HANS. Der homosexuelle Hann in der Welt. Second ed. Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1964. 228 pp. Liberal views, conditioned by existentialist philosophy, of a closeted gay sex researcher (1920-70), who worked chiefly in Hamburg. See his: "Differences in the Homosexual Relations of Man and Woman," International Journal of Sexology, 7 (1954), 225-27. A contemporary synthesis is Rudolf Klimmer, Die Homosexualität als biologischsoziologische Zeitfrage (Hamburg: Kriminalistik, Verlag für kriminalistische Fachliteratur, 1965; 487 pp.). 98. HAEBERLE, ERWIN J. The Sex Atlas: A New Illustrated
Guide. New York: Seabury Press, 1978. 509 pp. A San Francisco researcher's
handbook of the whole range of human sexuality, with positive treatment of
homosexual behavior. 99. HITE, SHERRY. The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study
on Female Sexuality. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1976. 438 pp. Summarizes the responses of
3000 American women to a questionnaire concerning their own sexuality. This
book launched the fashion for a series of pop avatars of Kinsey. As samples
they are almost worthless, but they reveal much of changing fashions--in this
instance Hite's own feminist concepts of sexuality. See also: The Hite
Report on Male Sexuality (New York: Knopf, 1981; 1129 pp. ) . 100. HUNT, MORTON. Sexual Behavior in the 1970s. New
York: Playboy, 1974. 388 pp.
Journalist's effort to update Kinsey's findings; as such, it is
methodologically inadequate. See pp. 303-27. 101. JAY, KARLA, and ALLEN YOUNG. The Gay Report. New
York: Summit Books, 1979. 861 pp. Modeled on The Hite
Report and its sequel, this compendium of the results of
questionnaires submitted by gay men and lesbians is entertaining and
sometimes instructive. It does not reflect a serious effort to obtain a
balanced sample. See also: James Spada, The Spada Report: The Newest Survey
of Gay Male Sexuality (New York: New American Library, 1979;
339 pp.). 102. KATCHADOURIAN, HERANT A. (ed.). Human Sexuality: A Comparative and Developmental
Perspective. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1979. 358 pp. Seventeen new papers by
established sex researchers, addressed to lay readers and summarizing the
state of research from evolutionary, biological, psychological, and
sociological perspectives. 110. KINSEY, ALFRED C., et al.
"Concepts of Normality and Abnormality in Sexual Behavior," in: P.
H. Hoch and J. Zubin (eds.). Psychological Development in Health
and Disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1949, pp. 11-32.
Surveys the historical origins of sexual taboos as shapers of current notions
of "unnatural acts." Examining recent data,
concludes that prevailing concepts of normality and abnormality in human
sexual behavior are simply moral evaluations. On Kinsey's (1894-1956) life,
see Wardell Pomeroy,
Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research (New York: Harper
and Row, 1972; 479 pp.). 111. KINSEY, ALFRED C., WARDELL. B. POMEROY, CLYDE E. MARTIN,
and PAUL. GEBHARD. Sexual
Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders,
1953. 841 pp. This sequel to Kinsey's first
great study evaluates data obtained in interviews with some 6,000 white
women. Sexual orientation is presented on a scale similar to the one used in
the first volume; however, one to three percent of the sample were found to
be essentially nonsexual. Information is provided in relation to age, marital
status, educational level attained, parental occupation, class, decade of birth, age at onset of adolescence, rural-urban
background, religion, techniques, and social significance. The volume, which
benefits from some methodological refinements over the first one, contains a
comparison of male and female response with respect to anatomy, physiology,
psychological factors, neural mechanisms, and hormonal factors. 112. KINSEY, ALFRED C., WARDELL B. POMEROY, A. and CLYDE E. MARTIN. Sexual
Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948.
804 pp. Monumental presentation of data gathered by the Institute of Sex
Research, Indiana University, through interviews with 5,300 white males,
concerning sexual outlets and the factors affecting the differential
frequency of these various outlets. Sexual orientation is treated in the
famous 0-6 scale, ranging from exclusive heterosexuality to exclusive
homosexuality. Apart from its scientific quality, the book had a major impact
on the concept of sex in the United States and throughout the world. The
finding that 37% of American men had had homosexual experience to orgasm
meant that the behavior could no longer be viewed as a rare and exotic
deviation, but was a major facet of sexual experience. Some corrections to
the data regarding homosexuality appear in Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex
Offenders (New York: Harper and Row, 1965; 875 pp.). 113.
KRONHAUSEN,
EBERHARD, and PHYLLIS KRONHAUSEN. Sex Histories of American
College Men. New York: Bal-
lantine, 1960. 313 pp. Popularized account of the
varieties of sexual behavior of American college men based upon personal
histories of about 200 students at an all-male college. Findings,
including those for homosexuality, correspond with those of Kinsey. 114. LESTER, DAVID. Unusual Sexual Behavior: The Standard Deviations.
Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 1975. 242 pp. Summarizes a large body of
research that tends to attribute sexual variation either to biology or to
family circumstances. See pp. 37-123. 115. MASTERS, WILLIAM H., and VIRGINIA E. JOHNSON. Human
Sexual Response, Boston: Little, Brown, 1966. 366 pp. This book, produced at Masters
and Johnson's Reproductive Biology Research Foundation, St. Louis, made the
couple famous. They supplemented Kinsey by producing more detailed accounts
of the physiology of the sexual act. This volume contains little on
homosexuality, for which see their Homosexuality in Perspective
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1979; 450 pp.). 116. ROBINSON, PAUL. The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred
Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. 200
pp. Using an intellectual-history
approach, Robinson seeks to identify the assumptions, biases, tensions, and
modes of reasoning that characterize these four researchers, who are probably
the most influential ones produced by the English-speaking world. 117. SCHMIDT, GUNTER. "Allies and Persecutors: Science and Medicine in
the Homosexuality Issue," JH, 10:3-4 (1984),
127-40. Traces research from the
third-sex theory at the beginning of the present century to some current
hormonal approaches, concluding that the results can be used against
homosexuals and, in fact, have been. This category comprises several
types of publications: (a) acts or proceedings of scholarly congresses, often
containing material of diverse scope and quality; (b) essay collections
presenting new material commissioned to create a mosaic picture of a subject;
(c) assemblages of reprinted articles or excerpts (sometimes termed
"casebooks"); (d) collected essays by a particular author. Some
collections pertaining to lesbianism appear in the following chapter (II). 118. ALBEE, GEORGE, et al. Promoting Sexual Responsib- ilitj and Preventing Sexual Problems, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1983, 440 pp.
Twenty-two papers from a 1981 conference generally supporting the claim that
the sexist nature of our society is the root cause of sexual problems, 119, BARNEY, NATALIE CLIFFORD. Aventures de l'esprit. New York: Arno Press, 1975, 278 pp. Reprint of the 1929 Paris
edition of essays by the American expatriate lesbian writer on Djuna Barnes,
Romaine Brooks, Colette, Max Jacob, Marcel Proust, Renee Vivien and others. 120, BENOÎT, LUC (ed.). Sortir. Montreal: L'Aurore, 1978. 303 pp. Twenty-two essays and creative
pieces on sexual variation and liberation by Québécois writers, some homosexual and
some heterosexual. 121,
BIANCHI,
HERMANUS, et al. Der
homosexuelle Nächste. Hamburg: Furche
Verlag, 1963. 288 pp. Nine papers by Dutch and German writers generally sympathetic to homosexuality in the spheres of sociology, law, religion, etc. Incorporates material from the Dutch collection De homoseksuele naaste (Baarn: Bosch & Keuning, 1961; 158 pp.). See also Theodor Bovet (ed.), Probleme der Homophilie in medizinischer, theologischer und juristischer Sicht (Bern: Haupt, 1965); and Wilhart Siegmar Schlegel (ed.), Der grosse Tabu (Munich: Rutten und Loening, 1967), 122, BULLOUGH, VERN L. (ed.). The Frontiers of Sex Research.
Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1979. 190 pp. Eighteen essays by American
scholars and activists on sex roles, normality, transvestism, transsexualism,
homosexuality, etc. 123, CHARDANS, JEAN-LOUIS. History and Anthology of
Homosexuality—Histoire et anthologie de l'homosexualité. Paris: Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Pédagogiques, 1970. 381 pp. Amateurish but extensive gathering of texts given parallel in
English and French; illustrated, 124, COOK, MARK, and GLENN WILSON (eds.). Love and Attraction: An
International Conference. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979. 554 pp. Papers on a wide variety of
topics. See pp. 258-60, 263, 337, 381-86, 387-93, 497-535. 125, CORY, DONALD WEBSTER (pseud, of Edward Sagarin), (ed.).
Homosexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: Julian
Press, 1956. 440 pp. Reprints older classic essays
and chapters from books on homosexuality by such writers as Richard Burton,
Edward Carpenter, Alfred C. Kinsey,
Paolo Mantegazza, Voltaire, and Edward Westermarck. 119. COUROUVE, CLAUDE, and ROBERT KOZERAWSKI. Fragments. Paris:
The authors, 1980-81. 4 brochures. Collects about 200 pithy texts
on the question of same-sex love, from Aragon to Zola. 120. CREW, LOUIE.
The Gay Academic. Palm Springs, CA: ETC, 1978. 444 pp. A collection of twenty-five
essays exploring the status of homosexuals in the academic community and
their contributions to traditional academic disciplines, including
psychology, literature, history, religion, and philosophy. 127. D'ARCANGELO, ANGELO. Inside the Sexual Revolution. New York:
Lancer Books, 1971. 381 pp. Lightweight articles and essays
by a gay journalist who captured some of the brash optimism of the
"Stonewall mood" in New York City. 128. DUYVES, MATTIAS, et al. (eds.). Among Men, among Women: Sociological and Historical
Recognition of Homosocial Arrangements. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam,
1983. 611 pp. Proceedings of an international
conference held in Amsterdam on June 22-26, 1983, sponsored by the Gay
Studies and Women's Studies Programs at the University of Amsterdam. All
texts are in English. In addition to loose papers issued as supplements,
however, there is a selection of fourteen revised texts in Dutch: Onder
mannen, onder vrouwen: studies van homosociale emancipatie
(Amsterdam: SUA, 1984). 129. GAGNON, JOHN H., and WILLIAM SIMON (eds.). Sexual Deviance. New
York: Harper and Row, 1967. 310 pp. With one exception, this is a
collection of articles reprinted from other sources. Parts 3 and 4 contain
pertinent articles by Nancy Achilles, Gagnon and Simon, Evelyn Hooker,
Maurice Leznoff, Albert J. Reiss, and William A. Westley. 130. GAY, A. NOLDER (pseud, of William Koelsche). The View
from the Closet: Essays on Gay Life and Liberation, 1973-1977.
Boston: Union Park Press, 1978. 108 pp. Urbane commentary on homosexual
life and history by a Boston scholar and newspaper columnist. 131. GAY ACADEMIC UNION (ed.). Universities and the Gay Experience: Proceedings of a Conference. New York: Gay Academic Union,
1974. New York: Gay Academic Union, 1974. 105 pp. Addresses, papers and
discussions from the first GAU Conference held at John Jay College, New York,
on Thanksgiving Weekend, 1973, and covering such topics as coming out, the history of science, literature, and religion.
The acts of succeeding annual GAU conferences were not published as such,
though some individual papers were printed in the periodicals Gai Saber and
Gay Books Bulletin. 132. HAHN, PIERRE (ed.). Français encore un effort: l'homosexualité et sa
répression: Choix de textes. Paris: Martineau, 1970. 215 pp. Anthology of short texts from
ancient Greece to the present, with commentary by Hahn, a French gay
activist. 133. HAIRE, NORMAN (ed.). World League for Sexual Reform: Congress, London,
1929. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1930. 670 pp. Papers covering a wide spectrum
of subjects addressed by the sexual reform movement on the eve of the Great
Depression. 134. A Homosexual Emancipation Miscellany, c. 1835- 1952. New
York: Arno Press, 1975. 172 pp. Contains the poem "Don
Leon," falsely attributed to Lord Byron, as well as documents by Magnus
Hirschfeld, the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, and the
American gay rights pioneers Henry Gerber and Henry Hay. 135. ITALIAANDER, ROLF (ed.). Weder Krankheit
noch Verbrechen: Plädoyer für eine Minderheit. Hamburg: Gala Verlag,
1969. 332 pp. Collection of short pieces by well-known German and foreign
writers, which are generally supportive of homosexual rights, accompanied by
historical and biographical notes. 136. JAY, KARLA, and ALLEN YOUNG (eds). Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay
Liberation. New York: Douglas Books, 1972. 403 pp. Collection of short articles,
many experiential and militant, representing the
radical phase of gay liberation immediately following the Stonewall
Rebellion. See also their other collections: After You're Out (New
York: Links, 1975; 296 pp.); and Lavender Culture (New
York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979; 493 pp.). 137. JOHANSEN, ANETTE, and JORGEN JOHANSEN. Rapport om homofile. Copenhagen:
Lindhart og Ringhof, 1973. 187 pp. Essays and interviews on social
conditions of homosexuals. 138. KEPNER, JAMES. A Selection of Gay Liberation Essays: 1953-1973.
Torrance, CA: Kepner, 1973. 40 pp. A group of articles by a senior
figure in the Los Angeles gay movement, reprinted mainly from ONE
Magazine, HELP/ Drummer, and the early
Advocate. 139. KLEINBERG, SEYMOUR. Alienated Affections: Being Gay in America.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980. 256 pp. Somewhat astringent essays
written from a radical-existentialist perspective by a New York City
professor, who was one of the founders of the Gay Academic Union. 140. KRICH, AARON M. (ed.). The Homosexuals: As Seen by
Themselves and Thirty Authorities. New York: Citadel Press, 1954.
346 pp. Part 1 consists of individual
case histories of homosexuals and autobiographical accounts written by them.
Part 2 presents "an overview of major trends in treatment" by
physicians and psychoanalysts. This book is a characteristic document of a
period in which the views and experiences of "deviants" were
treated as meaningful only when interpreted and validated by judgmental
psychiatric authorities. 141. LORAINE, JOHN A. Understanding
Homosexuality: Its Biological and Psychological Bases. New York: American Elsevier, 1974. 217 pp. Nine articles treating such
topics as psychological, biological, and endocrinological factors in the
etiology of homosexuality; religious and legal aspects; and the current role
of homophile organizations. 142. MARMOR, JUDD (ed.) Sexual Inversion: The Multiple Roots of Homosexuality.
New York: Basic Books, 1965. 358 pp. Collection of papers in the
fields of history, comparative zoology, genetics, endocrinology, sociology,
anthropology, law, psychology, and psychoanalytic psychiatry. This
collection, still dominated by psychiatric attitudes, should be compared with
its more liberal successor: Judd Marmor (ed.), Homosexual Behavior: A Modern
Reappraisal (New York: Basic Books, 1980; 416 pp.). 143. REES, JOHN TUDOR, and HARLEY V. USILL (eds.). They
Stand Apart: A Critical Survey of the Problems of Homosexuality.
London: William Heinemann, 1955. 220 pp. A collection of articles from
diverse points of view on the legal situation, the nature of homosexuality,
whether it is harmful, and its moral status. 144. RUITENBEEK, HENDRIK M. (ed.). The Problem of Homosexuality in
Modern Society. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1963. 304 pp. Reprints sixteen papers,
several of them (such as those by George Devereux, Evelyn Hooker, and Albert
J. Reiss) classics, generally in psychiatry and the social sciences. 145.
SCHWULENREFERAT
IM ALLGEMEINEN STUDENTENAUSSCHUSS DER FU BERLIN (ed.). Dokumentation der Vortragsreihe "Homosexualität
und Wissenschaft." pp. Papers
by fifteen authors presented at the Free University, Berlin, on law,
literature, politics, and the history and future of the gay movement in
Germany. 146. WARREN, CAROL (ed.). Sexuality: Encounters, Identities, and Relationships.
Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976. 136 pp. Reprints six papers on such
topics as massage parlors; the interrelation between sex, situation, and
strategies in the pairing ritual of homo ludens; secrecy in the lesbian
world; bisexuality in men; family attitudes and Mexican male homosexuality;
and meanings and process in erotic aggression. 147. WELTGE, RALPH W. (ed.). The Same Sex: An Appraisal of Homosexuality. Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1969. 164 pp. Eight of the essays in
this book discuss homosexuality (esp. in relation to religion, ethics, and
the law) fairly neutrally, while three reflect the point of view of the
emerging gay movement. 148.
ZIEGLER,
ALEXANDER.
Kein Recht auf Liebe: Reportagen, Aufsätze, Stücke. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer,
1978. 278 pp. Crusading essays on pederasty,
homosexuals in the work place and other subjects by a Swiss gay novelist. F. ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES Until quite recently general
encyclopedias, whose publishers were aware that the volumes were destined
for the shelves of secondary school and college libraries, discretely shunned
the whole subject of homosexuality or dismissed it with a few evasive or
uninformative remarks. Hence the topic was treated only in specialized
reference works, which were, however, usually compiled by individuals
working in the tradition of the sexual science that had emerged in the early
twentieth century. Their treatments summarize what was then known (or simply
believed) by the major investigators of homosexual behavior and psychology. 149. ELLIS, ALBERT, and ALBERT ABARBANEL (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1961. 2 vols. Articles by various writers with a cross-cultural and international emphasis. While attitudes are often dated, the entries still convey useful information. Bibliographies; index. 150.
GIESE, HANS. Wörterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft. Bonn: Instituts-Verlag,
1952. 216 pp. Dictionary of sex research compiled by a
(closeted) West German homosexual scholar. 151. HAIRE, NORMAN (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Sexual Knowledge. New York: Coward McCann, 1934. 636 pp. Based in
large measure on material assembled in France by "Dr. Costler"
(Arthur Koestler). Haire, an Australian physician and leader of the sex
reform movement in the interwar period, was homosexual. 152.
HEGELER,
INGE, and STEN HEGELER. An ABZ of Love. New York: Medical Press of New York, 1963. 288 pp. Translation of a Danish work.
About 600 entries, with 120 drawings; emphasizes sexual techniques. 153.
MARCUSE,
MAX (ed.).
Handwörterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft. Bonn: A. Marcuse und E. Weber, 1923. 481 pp. An encyclopedic dictionary
fusing sexological and psychiatric viewpoints. Contains several outstanding
articles by Hans Licht (Paul Brandt). 154. ROBINSON, VICTOR (ed.). Encyclopaedia Sexualis: A Comprehensive
Encyclopaedia-Dictionary of the Sexual Sciences. New
York: Digwall-Rock, 1936. 819 pp. Reflects European sex research
of the pre-1933 period, though many articles are written by Americans. In
addition to the usual entries, see "Elmira Reformatory, Sex in,"
"Hirschfeld, Magnus," and "Homosexual Twins." 155. SANTA VICCA, EDMUND F. The Treatment of Homosexuality in
Current Encyclopedias. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1977.
323 pp. (unpublished dissertation). Treats mainly general
encyclopedias, rather than specialized ones. The emergence of gay and
lesbian studies has posed special problems for cataloguing and collection of
materials, some of which can be best solved in the special gay and lesbian
archives. As regards the profession, anecdotal evidence suggests that a high
proportion of male librarians are homosexual, but the actual incidence and
its sociopsychol- ogical grounding have not been elucidated. 156. BERMAN, SANFORD. The Joy of Cataloging.
Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1980. 242 pp. Heterodox and stimulating
reflections by a Minnesota librarian who has championed the cause of adapting
cataloguing practices to new social realities. 157. BROOKS, JOAN, and HELEN C. HOFFER (eds.). Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus.
Boston: G. K. Hall, 1976. Computer printout of 2,000
descriptors (subject headings) and their hierarchies, as well as 250
cross-references from unused to used terms, documenting cataloguing practice
at the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, Indiana University. 158. FRASER, JAMES A., and HAROLD A. AVERILL. Organizing an
Archives: The Canadian Gay Archives Experience.
Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1983. 68 pp. (CGA Publication no. 8) Comprehensive, practical guide
to planning and running a gay/lesbian archive, presenting the CGA experience
and recommendations for use elsewhere. See also: Rick Bebout, "Stashing
the Evidence: The Canadian Gay Archives," Body Politic, no. 55
(August 1979), 21-22, 26. 159. GELLATLY, PETER. Sex Magazines in the Library Collection: A
Scholarly Study of Sex in Serials and Periodicals. New
York: Haworth Press, 1981. 142 pp. Twelve papers on an important
body of material not adequately addressed, as a rule, in libraries. Note esp.
Frederick McEnroe, "A Select Bibliography of Gay and Lesbian
Periodicals" (pp. 87-97). 160. GITTINGS, BARBARA. "Combatting the Lies in the Library," in:
Louie Crew (ed.),
The Gay Academic (Palm Springs: ETC, 1978), 107-20. Lively account of experiences
in the American Library Association's Task Force on Gay Liberation, which she
heads. See also the brochure published by this task force (subtitled: How to
Get Gay Materials into Libraries: A Guide to Library Selections Policies fy
the Non-Librarian): Stuart R. Miller, Censored, Ignored, Overlooked, Too
Expensive? (Philadelphia: ALA Gay Task Force, 1979; 10 PP-) 161. GRECO, STEPHEN, and CHARLES FABER. "In Search of Our History:
Archives, Libraries and Projects in History," Advocate, no. 330
(November 12, 1981), 22-27. On emerging institutions in New
York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. 162. HANCKEL, FRANCES, and JOHN CUNNINGHAM. "Can Young Gays Find
Happiness in YA Books?" Wilson Library Bulletin,
50 (1976), 528-34. Positive advice on selecting
fiction with gay themes and characters for library collections serving young
adults. Since this article was written,
there has been considerable improvement, both quantitatively and
qualitatively; see: Christine Jenkins and Julie Morris, A Look
at Gay- ness: An Annotated Bibliography of Gay Materials for Toung People.
Second ed. (Ann Arbor: Kindred Spirit Press, 1982; 19 pp.). 163. LEHMAN, J. LEE. "The Lesbian Herstory Archives," Advocate,
no. 264 (April 5, 1979), 14-17. Account of the formation of the
Archives in New York City in 1973, its scope, acquisitions, and cataloguing
practices. See also Beth Hodges, "Interview with Joan and Deborah of
the Lesbian Herstory Archives," Sinister Wisdom, no.11
(Fall 1979), 3-13; and no. 13 (Spring 1980), 101-05. Bibliographies and
information about acquisitions are published in Lesbian Herstory Archives News.
See also: Clair Potter, The Lesbian Periodicals Index
(Tallahassee, FL: Naiad, 1986; 413 pp.) 164. MICHEL, DEE.
Gay Studies Thesaurus. Revised ed. Princeton, NJ: The author,
1985. 76 pp. Contains a total of 1215 items,
of which 911 are preferred terms, to assist in "indexing and accessing
materials of relevance to gay culture, history, politics and psychology."
This work, with a male emphasis, may be complemented by the Lesbian
Periodicals Index Thesaurus and the Women's Studies Database. 165. TIMMONS, STUART. "Special Report: Gay/Lesbian Archives,"
Advocate, no. 447 (May 27. 1986), 30-33. More than sixty gay and lesbian
collections now exist. They share poor finances and a growing concern about
the preservation of their holdings. 166. WOLF, STEVE. "Sex and the Single Cataloguer," in: Celeste
West and Elizabeth Katz (eds.). Revolting Librarians.
San Francisco: Bootlegger Press, 1972, pp. 39-44. About prejudices in subject
headings and classification systems. In the same volume, see also Bianca
Guttag, "Homophobia in Library School" (pp. 37-38). The establishment of a large
and viable gay and lesbian press in North America has been a surprising and
welcome development of the post-Stonewall years—even
if the papers are more notable for their numbers than for sustained quality
of journalism. Pre-Hitler Germany offers some precedent, and currently there
are significant gay presses in France, the Netherlands, Australia and a few
other countries. A different topic is the treatment of homosexuality in the
mainstream press, as well as the newer media of radio and television. For a long time
these mainstream outlets drew a veil of silence over the whole matter. Once
this blackout was ended, they retained a real potential for stereotypical and
inadequate coverage. Concern for apparent imbalance has called into being
several homosexual groups to monitor coverage, especially in television—where
there has been some resentment at the appearance of what others regard as yet
another pressure group. 167. ANDERSON, SCOTT. "The Gay Press Proliferates—and So Do Its
Problems,"
Advocate, no. 282 (December 13, 1979), 19-23. This issue contains other relevant articles. 168. ARMSTRONG, DAVID. A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America.
Boston: South End Press, 1981. 359 pp. An illustrated account of the
rise of the "underground press" in the 1960s and 1970s. See esp.
pp. 230-53. 169. BRODY, MICHAL (ed.). Are We There Yet? A Continuing History of Lavender
Woman, A Chicago Lesbian Newspaper, 1971-1976. Iowa City: Aunt Lute, 1985. 188 pp. Reprints of articles
interspersed with interviews present a composite picture of the paper and its
times. 170. CHESMAN, ANDREA, and POLLY JOAN. Guide to Women's Publishing.
Paradise, CA: Dustbooks, 1978. 304 PP« Includes data on lesbian
presses, magazines, newspapers, literary-cultural journals, print shops,
bookstores, and organizations. 171. CLARKE, LIGE, and JACK NICHOLS. I Have More Fun with You Than
Anybody. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972. 152 pp. Memoirs of the gay activist
lovers who edited the New York City Newspaper Gay. 172. COLLYER, ROBIN, et al. "The Body Politic Trial," Centerfold
(Toronto), (February-March 1979), 92-114. Account of the prosecution of
the distinguished Canadian gay monthly for printing an article on pedophilia.
Needless to say, the ongoing course of the trials is covered in editorials
and stories in
The Body Politic itself. 173. COON, EARL O. "Homosexuality in the News," Archives
of Criminal Dynamics, 2 (1957), 843-65. Purports to offer a method of
reading between the lines of news stories to detect homosexual situations
that were not explicitly mentioned in the press of that day.
GORZINE, HAROLD JAY. The Gay Press. St.
Louis: Washington University, 1977. 277 pp.
(unpublished dissertation) Careful study of selected runs
of gay newspapers.
A Gay News Chronology, January 1969-May 1975. New
York: Arno Press, 1975. 156 pp. Abstracts (562) of articles appearing in The New
York Times. May be supplemented for succeeding years by consulting The New
York Times Index.
"Gay News: How Good Are the Mainstream
Media?"
Advocate, no. 347 (July 22, 1982), 25-27, 54. Most gay reporters and editors
remain closeted, and thus a newsroom climate antagonistic to gays is allowed
to thrive and influence the choice and tone of stories.
GIROUARD, MICHEL. Je vis mon homosexualité. Montreal: Québécor, 1980. 224 pp. Autobiographical account of a
French-Canadian television personality.
GOULD, ROBERT E. "Homosexuality on
Tэlevision," Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 7
(October 1973), 116-27. An early article when offerings
were indeed meager. Lists of relevant television programs (of necessity
incomplete) may be found in William Parker, Homosexuality Bibliography:
Supplement, 1970-1975 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1977), pp.
274-76; and idem,
Homosexuality Bibliography: Second Supplement, 1976-1982
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1985), pp. 322-27.
GRIER, BARBARA, and
COLETTA REID (eds.). The Lavender Herring: Lesbian Essays from The
Ladder. Oakland, CA: Diana Press, 1976. 357 pp. Writings selected from the
leading lesbian monthly, The Ladder (1956-72), which was itself reprinted in its
entirety, with a new index, by Arno Press, New York, 1975.
HANSCOMBE, GILLIAN, and ANDREW LUMSDEN. Title
Fight: The Battle for Gay News. London: Brilliance Books, 1984.
264 pp. Account of the complex
maneuvers that resulted in the demise of Britain's chief gay newspaper.
HEMMINGS, SUSAN. "Horrifjic Practices: How
Lesbians Were Presented in the Newîspapers of 1978," in: Gay Left Collective (ed.),
Homosexuality: Power and Politics. London: Allison and Busby,
1980, pp. 157-71. In 1978 British newspapers
broke their habitual silence on lesbianism in a series of sensational
stories—on a lesbian Member of Parliament; on|artificial insemination; and
on a teacher.
HOFSESS, JOHN. "The Sexual Niggers," Content:
Canada's National News Media Magazine,(August 1977), 15,
18-19, 21-25. Surveys treatment of
homosexuals in major newspapers and magazines of Canada.
HOHMANN,
JOACHIM S. (ed.).
Der Eigene: Ein Blatt für männliche Kultur, Frankfurt am Main:
Foerster, 1981. 379 pp. Selection of articles, fiction
and illustrations from the German magazine, which appeared in Berlin—with
interruptions— from 1896 to 1931. See also the same editor's selection from
the Swiss magazine (1933-67) Der Kreis (Frankfurt
am Main: Foerster, 1980; 285 pp.)
HOWES, KEITH, and JULIAN MELDRIM.
Declaring an Interest: A Projected Catalogue of Gay Images on Television in
Britain. Third ed. London: Hall- Carpenter Archives, 1983. 56 pp. An alphabetical list of
programs (including discussions, documentaries, television plays, series, and
films) broadcast since 1954 on British public and commercial television, with
brief descriptive comments. Index of persons.
LAERMER, RICHARD. "The Televised Gay: How We're
Pictured on the Tube," Advocate, no. 413 (February 5, 1985),
20-25. Well informed survey, with
relevant quotations from network officials and producers.
KPFA-FM (Radio Station, Berkeley, CA). The Homosexual in Our Society: The Transcript of a
Program Broadcast on November 24, 1958. San Francisco: Pan-Graphic Press, 1959.
32 pp. Two-hour program with gay and non-gay discussants,
perhaps the first of its kind. Text reprinted in Mattachine Review, 6:7 (July
1960), 12-28; 6:8 (August 1960), 9-25.
LESBIAN AND GAY MEDIA ADVOCATES. Talk
Back! The Gay Person's Guide to Media Action. Boston: Al- yson,
1982. 119 pp. How to get complaints about
homophobic material in the media taken seriously.
LEVINE, RICHARD M. "How the Gay Lobby Has
Changed Television," TV Guide, 29:22 (May 30, 1981), 2-6; and 29:23
(June 6, 1981), 47-52. Objective presentation of the
impact of the Gay Media Task Force in pressing for positive images of gays
and lesbians, as well as in combatting stereotypes.
MAURIAC, JEAN-PIERRE. "Arcadie, l'homophile et
la presse," Arcadie, 243 (March 1974), 148-66. The monthly Arcadie,
at that time the only French gay periodical, contrasts its role with that of
the mainstream press.
MAYNOR, JOE E. "Fundamentalist Ministers vs.
Gay Rights Groups," TV Guide, 28:46 (November 15, 1980),
16-20. A clash in Charlotte, NC,
presents problems for the Federal Communications Commission. 191. MONTGOMERY, KATHRYN. "Gay Activists and the Networks," Journal
of Communication, 31 (Summer 1981), 49-57. Gay activists have had success
with the television networks by adapting themselves to their structure,
geographical and operationally, while using techniques of surveillance and
feedback. See also her (unpublished) dissertation: Gay
Activists and the Networks: A Case Study of Special Interest Pressure on the
Networks (Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 1979;
243 pp.). 192. NICHOLSON, JOE. "Coming Out at the New York Post," Columbia
Journalism Review, 20 (March-April 1982), 26-27. Personal account of experiences
at the controversial New York City afternoon paper. 193. PARK, JAN CARL. "An Annotated Bibliography of Gay and Lesbian
Communication Studies, Alternative Communications, 1:2 (May
1979). [entire issue] Survey by the editor of
Alternative Communications, published by the Caucus of Gay Male
and Lesbian Concerns of the Speech Communication Association. 194. PEARCE, FRANK. "How to Be Immoral and 111, Pathetic and Dangerous
All at the Same Time," in: Stanley Cohen and Jack Young (eds.), The
Manufacture of the News. London: Constable, 1973, pp. 284-301. Analysis and critique of the
treatment of homosexuals in the British media, 195. PECK, ABE. Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of
Underground Newspapers. New York: Pantheon, 1985. 304 pp. Lively account by a participant
of the rise, heyday, and fall of the underground presses, 1964-1973, cast
against the culture and politics of the era. Only sporadic discussion of the
gay/lesbian press, which is (perhaps ironically) virtually the sole survivor
of this once flourishing phenomenon. 196. PIERSON, RANSDELL. "Uptight on Gay News," Columbia
Journalism Review (March-April 1982), 25-33. Concludes that, while papers
frequently present gays in a crime or drag-queen context and sporadically
report on their political activities, they almost never treat the wider
issues of how gays live. 197. RADER, DOTSON. "An American Son," Rolling Stone, (April
27, 1973), 44-46. On the brief fame of Lance
Loud, a young man of Santa Barbara who came out on the television documentary
"An American Family." 198.
SCHMIDT,
WOLFGANG JOHANN (ed.). Jahrbuch fiir sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Frankfurt am Main: Qum- ran, 1983. 2 vols. Selection of articles from the
great German Yearbook, which had been published by the
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee from 1899 to 1923. Includes Tables of
Contents for all issues. 199. SPIEGELMAN, WILLARD. "The Progress of a Genre: Gay Journalism and
Its Audience,"
Salmagundi, 58 (1982), 308-25. A not unsympathetic examination
of some continuities in gay male journalism, which
yet concludes: "To define an audience through sexual inclination alone
is to appeal to the lowest common denominator, the cravings of the
flesh." 200. WINTER, ALAN D. The Gay Press: A
History of the Gay Community and Its Publications. Austin, TX: The
author, 1977. 114 pp. Perceives four phases in the American gay press: secretive
and conservative (1950s); open and moderate (1960s); radical and militant
(1969-71); seeking new directions (1972ff . ). The existence of
"personals" columns in middle-class newspapers opened a path for
homosexuals to meet—at least in a few newspapers willing to accept discreetly
worded notices. With the lifting of taboos in the 1960s, it was possible to
create explicit ads—though the franker ones appeared mainly in the underground
press and gay papers. Sociologists have studied these ads as evidence of
courtship patterns and concepts of desired sexual partners. 201. ASCHAFFENBURG, GUSTAV. "Homosexuelle Werbeschriften," Ärztliche Sachverständigenzeitung, 34 (1928), 351-54. Homosexual advertisements in Weimar Germany. 202. BERNAY, JÉRÔME. "Les homosexuels à travers les petites
annonces du Nouvel Observateur," Arcadie, no. 298 (October 1978), 505-18. Attitudes revealed by
French personal advertisements. 203. DEAUX, KAY, and RANDEL HANNA. "Courtship
in the Personals Column: The Influence
of Gender and Sexual Orientation," Sex Roles, 11:5/6
(1984), 353-75. An analysis of 800 ads, equally
balanced between men and women, heterosexual and homosexual, shows that men
were more concerned with physical characteristics, while women stressed
psychological factors. Homosexuals were more concerned with sexuality, while
heterosexuala specified a broader range of characteristics. 204. KLIMMER, RUDOLF. "Annoncen in einer Zeitschrift für Homosexuelle," Nervenarzt, 40 (1969), 272-75. Analysis of ads in a Danish gay
magazine. See also his article on S & M ads in:
Sexualmedizin, 4 (1974), 585- 88. 205. LANER, MARY R. "Media Mating II: 'Personals' Advertisements of
Lesbian Women," JH, 4 (1978), 41-61. Advertisements were found to be
more like those of nonles- bian women advertisers than like those of men of
either orientation. 206. LANER, MARY R., and G. LEVI KAMEL. "Media Mating I: Newspaper
'Personals' Ads of Homosexual Men," JH, 3 (1977), 149-62. Homosexual ads were more frank
than heterosexual ones, and more specific about goals for desired
relationships, reflecting the "virilization" of the gay male
subculture. 207. LEE, JOHN A. "Meeting Males by Mail," in Louie Crew (ed.), The Gay
Academic. Palm Springs, CA: ETC, 1978, pp. 415-27. Besides attempting to
characterize the differences between Canadian and U.S. ads (based on analysis
of the ads in Body
Politic and The Advocate respectively, Lee reports
on his own luck with ads he placed. 208. LUMBY, MALCOLM E. "Men Who Advertise for Sex," JH, 4
(1978), 63-72. Based on a content analysis of
1,111 paid ads in
The Advocate, characterises differences between personal and commercial
(models, masseurs, and escorts) ads. 209. NÄCKE, PAUL. "Angebot und Nachfrage von Homosexuellen in Zeitungen," Archiv für Kriminalanthropologie und Kriminalistik, 8 (1902), 339-50; 9 (1902), 217-18. Together with
"Päderastische Annoncen"—loc. cit., pp. 215-16—the first studies of
gay "personals" advertisements. 210. NACKE, PAUL. "Zeitungsannoncen von weiblichen Homosexuellen," Archiv für Kriminalanthopologie und Kriminalistik, 10 (1903), 225-29. On turn-of-the-century lesbian advertisements. 211. PRAETORIUS, NUMA (pseud, of Eugen Wilhelm). "Homosexuelle
Inserate,"
Anthropophyteia, 6 (1909), 167-77. Study of personal ads in the
Paris newspaper
Le Journal. Followed by another study on ads in Le
Supplement, ibid., 8 (1911), 231-43.
Cf. also ibid., 8 (1911), 224-31. 212. PRESTON, JOHN, and FREDERICK BRANDT. Classified Affairs: A Gay Man's Guide to the Personal Ads. Boston:
Alyson, 1984. 120 pp. How to write and interpret an ad,
and where to place it--with model examples. 213. "Thirty-one Words," Body Politic, no. 113
(April 1985), 29-32, 45. Opinions by various members of
the editorial board of the Canadian gay monthly regarding the acceptability
of a racially explicit ad. Note an earlier contribution by a reader (Allen
Max), ibid., no. 55 (August 1979), 6. The concept of public opinion
tends to oscillate between two objects: (1) the views held by everyone who
holds an opinion, the public in the broad sense; and (2) the views of
"opinion-making" elites—professionals, politicians, journalists,
etc. Both concepts have been employed in measuring attitudes regarding
homosexual behavior. Apart from their value in supporting legal and political
efforts to secure civil rights for homosexuals, public opinion surveys
provide information on myths and stereotypes perpetuated by the masses. 214. BOWMAN, RICHARD.
"Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality in New Zealand,"
International Review of Modern Sociology, 9 (1979), 224-243.
Interviews with 321 heterosexual adults in two New Zealand cities found that
the great majority did not express anti- homosexual attitudes and supported
removal of negative sanctions against homosexuals. 214A. CHAPPELL, DUNCAN, and
PAUL R. WILSON. "Public Attitudes to the Reform of the Law Relating to
Abortion and Homosexuality," Australian Law Journal,
42 (1968), 120-21, 175-79. Shows the lingering of older attitudes. See also
the follow-up article, idem, "Changing Attitudes toward Homosexual Law
Reform," ibid., 46 (1972), 22-29; and Hong
Sung-Mooh, "Australian Attitudes towards Homosexuality: A Comparison
with College Students," Journal of Psychology,
117 (1984), 89-96. 215. DE BOER, CONNIE. "The Polls: Attitudes toward Homosexuality," Public
Opinion Quarterly, 44 (Summer 1978), 266-76. Offers some international
comparisons. 216. "Les français et l'homosexualité: sondage réalisé par 1 ' I. F. 0. P.," Arcadie, no. 304 (April 1979), 283-68. Results of a survey on homosexuality by the French Institute of Public
Opinion, presented with commentary by André Baudry, Marc Daniel, and others. 217. GALLUP OPINION INDEX, PRINCETON. "Homosexuality in America—Poll
Findings,"
The Gallup Report, no. 147 (October 1977), 1-24. A majority held that
homosexuals deserve equal rights in jobs, but in general the poll discloses a
mixed pattern. Some minor advances are shown in the subsequent study, ibid., no. 205, 3-19. 218. GLASSNER, BARRY, and CAROL OWEN. "Variations in Attitudes toward
Homosexuality,"
Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 11 (1976), 161-76. Reports on an attitude
questionnaire given to 61 undergraduates at a St. Louis university. Being
female, having known homosexuals, and having parents perceived as having an
accepting attitude toward them were factors associated with less social
distance from homosexuals. 219. GROSS, ALAN E., et al. "Disclosure of Sexual Orientation and
Impressions of Male and Female Homosexuals," Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 6 (1980), 307-14. In a videotape test,
homosexually identified targets were judged more stereotypically by subjects
of their own sex than by tho se of the other sex. 220. HENLEY, NANCY, and FRED PINCUS. "Interrelationship of Sexist,
Racist, and Antihomosexual Attitudes," Psychological Reports,
42 (1978), 83-90. Evaluating a questionnaire
adminstered to 211 undergraduates, sexism and antihomosexual attitudes were
negatively correlated with father's and mother's
education. Religious and political orientation was also important. 221. "Homosexuality: Public Attitudes," Drum,
no. 25 (August 1967), 11-13, 29-31. Reports on a CBS survey. 222. HONG, SUNG-MOOK. "Sex, Religion
and Factor Analytically Derived Attitudes toward Homosexuality,"
Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 4 (1983),
142-50. Two factors were identified:
Social-Personal Acceptance and Perceived Normality, indicating that attitudes
toward homosexuality involve multidimensional rather than unidimensional concepts. 223. IRWIN, PATRICK, and NORMAN L. THOMPSON. "Acceptance of the
Rights of Homosexuals: A Social Profile," JH, 3 (1977), 107-21. Evaluating data from a
nationwide survey, the authors conclude that respondents who were willing to
grant rights to homosexuals tended to be well educated, young, Jewish or
nonreligious, from urban areas, raised in the Northeast or Pacific states,
and willing to provide freedom of expression to people with nonconformist
political ideas. 224.
LARSEN,
KNUD S. et al. "Attitudes of Heterosexuals
toward Homosexuality: A Likert-type Scale and Construct Validity," Journal of Sex Research, 16 (1980),
245-57. Reports on the development and
testing with undergraduates of a 20-item Heterosexual Attitudes Toward
Homosexuality (HATH) Scale. See alpo Larsen et al., "Anti-Black Attitudes,
Religious Orthodoxy, Permissiveness, and Sexual Information: A Study of the
Attitudes of Heterosexuals toward Homosexuality,"
ibid., 19 (1983), 105-18. 225. LAURENS, ANDRE. Les Francais:
Passions et tabous. Paris: Editions Alain Moreau, 1985. 328 pp.
Correlates results of public opinion surveys conducted by the Institut
Francais de Recherches Economiques et Soc- iales. French opinion on
homosexuality is changing, thanks to extensive discussion in the media. More
tolerant views are held by young people and by Socialist Party voters. 226.
LEVITT,
EUGENE E., and ALBERT D. KLASSEN. "Public
Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Part of the 1970 National Survey by the
Institute for Sex Research," JH (1974), 29-43. Based on a sample of 30,018
Americans, prsents data on feelings of distrust and repugnance, rights of
homosexuals, causes and cures of homosexuality, legal controls, and
homophobia. 227. MCCLOSKY, HERBERT, and ALIDA BRILL. Dimensions of Tolerance: What
Americans Believe about Civil Liberties.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1983. 512 pp. This major study compares the
findings of two surveys commissioned by the Russell Sage Foundation with
others. Concludes that tolerance must be learned, and the sophisticated
arguments on which it is based make it much harder to learn than intolerance.
The surveys also highlight the role of the elites, who tend to hold views in
advance of those of the population at large, and thereby to serve to some
extent as a bulwark against the potential "tyranny of the
majority." See esp. pp. 202-07. 228. MILLHAM, JIM, et al. "A Factor-Analytic Concep tualization of
Attitudes toward Male and Female Homosexuals," JH 2 (1976), 3-10.
Evaluating a questionnaire administered to 785 male and female heterosexuals,
it was found that they make greater distinctions in conceptualizing
homosexuality than had been previously recognized. 229. MORIN, JEAN-PAUL, and GEORGETTE ST. ARNAUD. "Perceptions de l'homosexualité dans la société québécoise contemporaine," Service
Social (Canada), 24 (July-December
1975), 47-89. Includes comparison of opinions
of homosexuals with a random sample of the public. 230. NEWMAN, GRAEME. Comparative Deviance: Reception and Law in Six
Cultures.
New York: Elsevier, 1976. 332 pp. Study of opinion and mores in
India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, the United States, and Yugoslavia showed wide
variations with regard to abortion and homosexuality, whereas murder,
robbery, rape and the like were universally condemned. 231. NYBERG, KENNETH L., and JON P. ALSTON. "Analysis of Public
Attitudes toward Homosexual Behavior," JH, 2 (1976-77),
99-107. Data from a 1974 survey of
1,197 persons showed that more favorable attitudes toward homosexuality were
held by those who were under 30, lived in larger urban centers, and had
college experience. See also Nyberg and Alston, "Homosexual Labeling by
University Youths," Adolescence, 12 (1977), 541-46. 232. PRICE, JAMES H. "High School Students' Attitudes toward
Homosexuals,"
Journal of School Health, 52 .(1982),
469-74. Males generally held more
negative views on homosexuality than did females, though both agreed that is
"unnatural." The author discusses ways in which adolescents can
become more accepting of homosexuals, 233. ROONEY, ELIZABETH A., and DON C. GIBBONS. "Social
Reactions to 'Crimes without Victims.'" Social Problems, 13
(1966), 400-10. Interprets answers of 353 San
Francisco area residents regarding abortion, drugs, and homosexuality—with
very mixed opinions expressed regarding the last. 234. SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM, and I. A. LEWIS. "The Straight Story on
Homosexuality and Gay Rights," Public Opinion, 7
(February-March 1984), 16-20, 59-60. Interprets Los Angeles Times
polls of September 1983 (national) and October 1983 (California), concluding
that "there are reasons to believe that sympathy for homosexuals will
grow in time.... The gay rights movement, however, faces a far more difficult
situation that the comparable movements for civil rights and women's rights."
See also: Schneider, "Homosexuality Still 'Wrong,' But No Public
Backlash on AIDS," Los Angeles Times, Opinion section
(January 5, 1986). 235. SHERRILL, KENNETH. "Homophobia: Illness or Disease?" Gai
Saber, 1 (1977), 27-40. Analyzes data on aversive
attitudes to homosexuality collected by the National Opinion Research Center
(University of Chicago) in 1973. Concludes that support for civil rights and
liberties is linked to the trend toward the youth culture and the "new
morality." 236. SIMMONS, J. L. "Public Stereotypes of Deviants," Social
Problems, 13 (1965) 223-32. In a survey studying the public
perception of deviance, homosexuality was the most frequent response to the
question of what constitutes deviance. 237. SMOLENAARS, A. J. "Analysis of Pick 3/8 Data on Attitudes toward
Homosexuality, by the Compensatory Distance Model,"
Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden,
29 (1974), 631-47. Reports on a survey of 385
Dutch subjects of different professions, indicating that some professions
were more homogeneous in their opinions than others. 238. SOBEL, H. J. "Adolescent Attitudes toward Homosexuality in
Relation to Self Concept and Body Satisfaction,"
Adolescence, 11 (1976), 443-53. Psychodynamic approach. 239. TURNBULL, DEBI, and MARVIN BROWN. "Attitudes towards
Homosexuality and Male and Female Reactions to Homosexual and Heterosexual
Slides,"
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9 (1977), 68-80. Saskatchewan students were more
antihomosexual than an Ontario sample. Antihomosexual attitudes tended to
correlate with dislike of the slides as pornographic. 240. WARD, R. A. "Typifications of Homosexuals," Sociological
Quarterly, 20 (1979), 411-23. Categorization as found in public opinion inquiries. 241. WEIS, CHARLES B., and ROBERT N. DAIN. "Ego Development and Sex
Attitudes in Heterosexual and Homosexual Men and Women," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 8 (1979), 341-56. More negative attitudes toward
homosexuality were correlated with higher levels of personal guilt for
heterosexual and homosexual men and for heterosexual women. 242. WEST, WALTER G. "Public Tolerance of Homosexual Behavior," Journal
of Social Relations, 12 (1977), 25-36. Tabulation of the answers of
1,504 respondents disclosed that the less tolerant individual is older, less
educated, and attends church more frequently. 243. YOUNG, MICHAEL, and JEAN
WHIRTVINE. "Attitudes of Heterosexual Students toward Homosexual
Behavior," Psychological
Reports, 51 (1982), 673-74. Results from a required freshman
course showed predominantly negative attitudes. See also: Randall G. Cuenot
and Stephen S. Fugita, "Perceived Homosexuality: Measuring Heterosexual
Attitudinal and Nonverbal Reactions,"Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 8 (1982),100-06. Professional opinion,
especially in the helping professions, is of consequence not merely for its
influence on the society as a whole, but also because of the contact of
professional individuals with homosexuals, including ones who have problems
exacerbated by their marginal and socially precarious lifestyles. 244. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, TASK FORCE ON THE STATUS OF
LESBIAN AND GAY MALE PSYCHOLOGISTS. Removing the Stigma: Final Report of
Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 1980. 151 pp. (Manuscript no. 2121) Strongly positive statement. 245. BARR, R. F., and S. V. CATTS. "Psychiatry Opinion and
Homosexuality: A Short Report," JH, 1 (1974), 213-15. In a survey of about 200
psychiatric professionals, the majority took the view either that
homosexuality is a developmental anomaly not necessarily associated with
neurotic symptoms or that it is a normal variant like left-handedness. See
also: Frances E. Baum, "Gay and Lesbian Lifestyles: Implications for
Social Workers," Australian Social Work, 36 (March 1983),
23-29; and Peter J. Blizzard and Murray S. Smith, "Medical Students;
Attitudes and Opinions about Human Sexual Behavior," Australian
Journal of Social Issues, 10:4 (1975), 229-313. 246. DAVISON, GERALD C., and G. TERRENCE WILSON. "Attitudes of Behavior
Therapists toward Homosexuality," Behavior Therapy, 4
(1973), 6830-96. Responses to a questionnaire
sent to British and American behavior therapists reveal continuing strong
support for aversion therapy and for changing homosexual orientation. 247. DRESSLER, JOSHUA.
"Study of Law Student Attitudes Regarding the
Rights of Gay People to Be Teachers,'1 JH, 4 (1979), 315-29. From
a survey of 528 students at 12 schools concludes that law students, esp.
women, are comparatively tolerant of the right of homosexual persons to serve
as teachers, 248. FORT, JOEL, et al. "Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals
toward Homosexuality and Its Treatment," Psychological Reports,
29 (1971), 347-50. Survey of 163 professional
therapists in the San Francisco Bay area showed little support for mandatory
treatment, near unanimity on the need for liberalization of the law, and
widespread support for nonexclusionary employment practices. 249. GAGNON, JOHN, et al. "Report of the American Sociological
Association's Task Group on Homosexuality," American Sociologist,
17 (1982), 164-80. Consistent with previous stands
by the Association, the Report was strongly supportive. 250. GARFINKLE, ELLEN M., and STEPHEN F. MORIN. "Psychologists'
Attitudes toward Homosexual Psychotherapy Clients," Journal
of Social Issues, 34 (1978), 101-12. In blind tests of a
hypothetical client (presented as either heterosexual or homosexual)
attributions of psychological health were found to differ as a function of
sexual orientation of client and sex of therapist. 251. GARTRELL, NANETTE, et al. "Psychiatrists' Attitudes toward
Female Homosexuality," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
159 (1974), 141-44. Of 908 psychiatrists responding
to a questionnaire, 66% challenged the traditional belief that lesbianism
equates with sickness or inadequacy. 252. GOCHROS, HARVEY L. "Teaching More or Less Straight Social Work
Students to Be Helpful to More or Less Gay People,"
Homosexual Counseling Journal, 2:2 (1975), 58-67. Discomfort among social workers
in dealing with homosexual clients is often owing to inexperience with them,
and can be lessened through a program of learning experiences. See also:
Gochros: "Teaching Social Workers to Meet the Needs of the Homosexually
Oriented,"
Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 2 (1983-84), 137-56. 253. GROSS, MARY J. "Changing Attitudes toward Homosexuality—or Are
They?"
Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 16 (1978), 70-75. Some change for the better is
found among medical and psychiatric professionals, but old attitudes linger
among many. 254. MANOS, NIKOLAS.
"Sexual Life, Problems, and Attitudes of the Prospective Greek
Physicians," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 12 (1983), 435-443. Results of a
questionnaire given to 82 male and 48 female Greek medical students showed liberal
trend. 255. MAY, EUGENE P. "Counselors', Psychologists', and Homosexuals'
Philosophies of Human Nature and Attitudes toward Homosexual Behavior,"
Homosexual Counseling Journal, 1 (1974). 35 pp. Similarities and contrasts
among the three groups based on the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale of L.
S. Wrights- man. 256. MORRIS, PHILIP A. "Doctors' Attitudes to Homosexuality," British
Journal of Psychiatry, 122 (1973), 435-36. On more than 200 questionnaires
returned, only a few respondents considered homosexuality a disease, though a
large number regarded it as an aberrant behavior pattern. 257. SCHWARTZ, MICHAEL. "Military Psychiatry—Theory and Practice in
Noncombat Areas: The Role Conflicts of the Psychiatrist,"
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 12 (1971), 520-25. Protests that in the military
the psychiatrist has been forced to relinquish his role as helper therapist
and to become, instead, detective-interrogator for the institution. This
creates distrust among those he should be trying to help. In the English-speaking world
virtually all writings on homosexuality were long thought obscene. Only in
recent decades has the right to publish, distribute and sell increasingly
explicit materials with a homosexual content been recognized by the courts
and the police. The works listed below deal with some of the problems
occasioned by homosexual and other pornography and by the feminist backlash
against the flood of what some women consider offensive and even threatening
publications. The struggle for the freedom of the gay press is far from
ended, as is shown by recent cases in Canada and Great Britain. 258. ATHANASIOU, ROBERT, and
PHILLIP SHAVER. "Correlates of Response to Pornography: A Comparison of
Male Heterosexuals and Homosexuals," Proceedings of the Annual
Convention of the American Psychological Association, 5 (1970),
349-50. In a survey of 20,000 Americans more monotonie relationships between response
to pornography and behavior were found for heterosexuals than for
homosexuals. 259. BLACtfFORD, GREGG. "Looking at Pornography: Erotica and the
Socialist Morality," Gay Left, 6 (1978), 16-20. Asks: Can we retain the erotic
values of sexual images, while eliminating the sexist and exploitative
elements? 260. BURGESS, ANN WOLBERT, and MARIEANNE LINDEQVIST CLARK (eds.). Child
Pornography and Sex Rings. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1984.
227 pp. Papers from a social-work perspective, some tending to judgmental,
even inflammatory attitudes. 261. BURSTYN, VARDA (ed.). Women
against Censorship. Vancouver: Douglas and Mclntyre, 1985. 208 pp. Papers by
Canadian and U. S. feminists, arguing that women have nothing to gain by
allying themselves with censorship advocates and politicians. 262. CALIFIA, PAT. "Feminism vs. Sex: A New Conservative Wave?" Advocate, no. 286 (February 21, 1980),
13-15. Warns of the dangers of a de
facto alliance of antiporn feminists—some lesbian—and the New Right. See also
her: "Among Us, Against Us: The New Puritans," ibid., no. 290
(April 17, 1980), 14-18; "The Age of Consent: An Issue and Its Effects
on the Gay Movement," ibid., no. 303 (October 16, 1980), 19-23, 45, and
no. 304 (October 30, 1980), 17-23, 45; and "See No Evil: The Antiporn
Movement," ibid., no. 428 (September 3, 1985), 35-39. 263. CLAPP, JANE. Art Censorship: A
Chronology of Proscribed and Prescribed Art. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1972. 582 pp. This rather dry compilation
serves to focus attention on censorship of the fine arts, which has been
neglected in recent controversies centering on printed matter and film.
Bibliography of 641 items; index. 264. COPP, DAVID, and SUSAN WENDELL (eds.). Pornography and Censorship.
Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1983. 414 pp. Valuable collection of papers
treating the problems from several vantage points of philosophy, social
science, and law. 265. DWORKIN, ANDREA. Pornography: Hen Possessing Women. New York: Perigee
(Putnam), 1981. 300 pp. An impassioned polemic, which has proved an effective
vehicle for the propagation of Dworkin's militant views. Unfortunately the
treatment of gay-male erotica is tendentious and misleading. 266. ENGLISH, DEIRDRE. "The Politics of Porn: Can Feminists Walk the
Line?"
Mother Jones, 5:3 (April 1980), 20-23, 43-50. Well-reasoned critique of the antipornography trend
among some feminists (including Dworkin), arguing that taking
men's pornography away will not alter how they think and feel about women. 259.
FAUST, BEATRICE. Women, Sex and Pornography. New York: Macmillan, 1981. 239 pp. Fair-minded, but
properly critical examination of the antipornography arguments. 260.
GOLDSTEIN, MICHAEL J., and HAROLD S. KANT. Pornography and Sexual Deviance: A Report of the
Legal and Behavioral Institute, Beverly Hills, California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973. 194 pp. Compared results of extensive
interviews among atypical groups (rapists, homosexuals, and heavy users of
pornography) with two control samples, concluding that the nondeviant groups
had had significantly greater exposure to pornographic materials during
adolescence than the deviants. 261. GOODMAN, MICHAEL BARRY. Contemporary Literary Censorship:
The Case of Burroughs' Naked Lunch. Methuen, NJ: Scarecrow
Press, 1981. 330 pp. Traces the controversy
beginning in 1958, which was ultimately settled in a successful court battle
undertaken by Grove Press, with important consequences for the freedom to
read and publish. See also: Charles Rembar, The End of Obscenity: The Trials of
Lady Chatter- ley, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill (New
York: Random House, 1968; 528 pp.). 262. JENKINSON, EDWARD B. Censors in the Classroom. New
York: Avon, 1982. 184 pp. Offers a number of case studies
of recent campaigns in the United States for censorship of textbooks and
other reading materials. 263.
LAURITSEN, JOHN. Dangerous Trends in Feminism: Disruptions, Censorship, Bigotry. New York: The author, 1977. 9 pp. The
author was one of the first to point out the problems posed by the Susan
Brownmiller-Andrea Dworkin trend in feminism. See also his: Rape, Hysteria, and Civil |
Liberties (New
York: The author, 1979; 14 pp.). 264. LEDERER, LAURA (ed.). Take Back the Night: Women on
Pornography. New York: Morrow, 1980. 361 pp. Collection of papers by a
number of writers who argue that pornography is causally linked to male
aggressiveness and attacks on women. 265. LEWIS, FELICE FLANNERY. Literature, Obscenity and Law. Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University Press, 1976. 297 pp. Lucid and scholarly portrayal of the
interaction of literary art, society's values and pressures, and the legal
system's response to changing conditions—chiefly in 20th century American
literature. See also: Dorothy Ganfield Fowler, Unmailable: Congress and the Post
Office (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1977; 266 pp.). 266. MCCOY, RALPH E. Freedom of the Press: An Annotated Bibliography.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968. about
500 pp. An exemplary record of
English-language materials from the 16th century to 1966. A Ten Year
Supplement (1967-1977) appeared in 1979 (557 pp.). 267. MALAMUTH, NEIL M., and EDWARD DONNERSTEIN (eds.). Pornography
and Sexual Aggression. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984. 333
pp. Papers by various researchers
grouped under the categories of individual differences, experimental studies,
correlational and cross-cultural factors, communicative factors, and legal
implications of the research. They tend to the conclusion that pornography is
harmful, though judgments vary as to the degree and character of the harm. 268. MASTERSON, JOHN. "The Effects of Erotica and Pornography on
Attitudes and Behavior: A Review," Bulletin of the British
Psychological Society, 37 (1984), 249-52. Questions the reliability of
data on availability and use of pornography. Concludes that it in fact may be
useful barometer of the state of male-female relations in society. 269. PECKHAM, MORSE. Art and Pornography: An Experiment in Explanation.
New York: Basic Books, 1969. 306 pp. Stimulating, though sometimes
opaque discussion of current theories of literary and visual erotica, with
considerable attention to homosexuality. Reaches a surprisingly positive
conclusion: "European and American pornography ... has been as steadily
innovative as science itself..." (p. 298). Includes discussion of the
concept of "porno- topia," introduced by Stephen Marcus in The
Other Victorians (New York: Basic, 1966). 270. The Report of the Commission on Obscenity and
Pornography.
New York: Random House, 1970. 700 pp. Main text of the the Report of
a Presidential Commission appointed in 1968. (There are also nine volumes of
supplementary, "technical" material.) The Report generally
supports the liberal position that pornography has no substantial harmful
effects, a conclusion that is still hotly debated. See also: Walter Barnett,
"Corruption of Morals: The Underlying Issue of the Pornography Commission
Report,"
Law and the Social Order (1971), [part 2] 189-243. 271. THOMPSON, ANTHONY HUGH. Censorship in Public Libraries in the United
Kingdom during the Twentieth Century. New York: Bowker, 1976. 236 pp. Chronological survey citing
numerous cases in the country that is the source of our common
"Anglo-Saxon" attitudes in the matter. 272. VALSTAR, JOOP, et al. Porno: analyzes van de verkeerde kant. Boskoop, Netherlands: De Woerat, 1982. (Homopolitieke
teksten, 3) Five papers analyzing the porno controversy from a gay-
liberation viewpoint, and arguing for the freeing of fantasy. 273. WALKER, CHRIS. "Potentially Beneficial Aspects of
Pornography,"
Fag Rag, no. 25 (1978), 8-10. Images of beautiful bodies
bring beauty to the homely, memories to the old, and anticipation and dreams
to the young. 274. WILLIAMS, BERNARD. Report of the Committee on Obscenity and Film
Censorship. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979. 270
pp. This British official
commission recommends abandoning such terms as "obscene" and
"indecent." Holds that the printed word deserves protection, but
that restrictions may be legitimately applied to visual and theatrical works. 275. YAFFE, MAURICE, and EDWARD NELSON (eds.). The Influence of Pornography on
Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1982. 276 pp. Assesses the current debate in
which substantial harmful influence has been argued, in contrast to earlier
skepticism. II. WOMEN'S STUDIES Although men have shown a certain prurient interest in lesbian
behavior since the 16th century, it is only in recent decades that the
subject has received attention from women and men that begins to compare with
that bestowed on male homosexuality. Even today, there is uncertainty about
the scope of the field, with some stipulating lesbian sexual relations as a
defining feature, while others broaden the definition to include affectionate,
not necessarily genital relations and the "woman-identified woman."
Needless to say, the "second wave" of the women's movement, from
the 1960s on, and women's studies programs, have greatly promoted the study
of lesbianism—though sometimes at the cost of melding the subject with others
which are akin to it, but still distinct. Apart from the entries in this
general section, there are studies on particular aspects of lesbianism in the
appropriate sections of this work. 284. ABBOTT, SIDNEY, and BARBARA
LOVE. Sappho Was
a Right On Woman: A Liberated View of Lesbianism. New York: Stein and Day, 1972. 251 pp. This statement by two New York
City activists presents the lesbian experience in two parts: What It Was
Like, and Living in the Future. Includes discussion of open identity,
activism, and links with the feminist movement. 285. ALBRO, JOYCE C., and CAROL TULLY. "A Study of
Lesbian Lifestyles in the Homosexual Micro-Culture and the Heterosexual
Macro-Culture," JH, 4 (1979), 331-44. In a survey of 91 lesbians, it was found that they reported a sense
of isolation from the heterosexual macro- culture and turned to the
homosexual microculture, for friends, emotional support, and social
interaction. 286. ALDRICH, ANN. We Walk Alone. New York: Fawcett, 1955. 143 pp. A lesbian novelist shows that the lesbian is "many women,"
with a wide range of backgrounds and psychological characteristics. See also
Aldrich (ed.), Carol in a Thousand Cities (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1960; 256 pp.). 287. ARNUP, KATHERINE, and AMY GOTTLIEB. "Annotated
Bibliography," Resources for Feminist Research, 12:1 (March 1983), 90-100. This issue is entirely devoted to lesbian
topics. There are also indices to several lesbian periodicals, a film- and videography (pp. 87-89), and a bibliography of
lesbian mothers and custody (pp. 106-09). Some Canadian emphasis. 284.
BAETZ, RUTH (ed.). Lesbian Crossroads: Personal Stories of Lesbian Struggle and Triumph. New York: William Morrow,
1980. 273 pp. Statements by a number of wpmen on self-realization,
interpersonal relations, religion, and lesbian community—as well as
interviews with parents and siblings. 285.
BONNET, MARIE-JO. Un choix sans equivoque: recherches historiques sur les relations amoureuses entre les femmes,
XVIe-XXe siècle. Paris: Denoël, 1981. 296 pp. Scholarly study of lesbian
history, chiefly from French literary sources. In addition to recording known
facts, treats the character of the sources, with particular reference to elements
of reticence and concealment. This remarkable work contains an extensive
bibliography, pp. 253-93. 286.
BRAUCKMANN, JUTTA. Weiblichkeit,
Männlichkeit, und Antihomosexualität: Zur Situation der lesbischen Frau. Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel, 1981. 94 pp. Divides into four sections: (1)
Female Homosexuality and Heterosexuality; (2) Heterosexuality and Sexual Identities;
(3) Antihomosexuality and Sexual Roles; and (4) Feminine Roles and Lesbian
Life. Contends that as long as there are stringent definitions of
"femininity" and "masculinity," discrimination against
lesbians will continue. Extensive notes and bibliography. 287.
BROOKS, VIRGINIA. Minority Stress and Lesbian Women. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1981. 219 pp. Systematic
presentation of a new model of stress and stress management. Revised version
of a doctoral dissertation in sociology, University of California, Berkeley,
1977. I 292. CAVIN, SUSAN. Lesbian Origins. San
Francisco: Ism Press, 1985. 288 pp. A lesbian feminist analysis of the
origins of human society (reflecting in part the ideas of Frederick j
Engels); sources of women's and lesbian oppression; and new perspectives in
women's liberation. Sometimes speculative, this book offers insights into a
number of little studied areas. 293.
CHAFETZ, JANET S., et al. "A
Study of Homsosexual Women," Social
Work, 19 (1974), 714-23. Based on a sample of 51 Houston women,
the article exlores their lifestyles, problems, views of themselves, relationships
with others, and their perceptions of society's ;
reactions to them. See also: Wayne L. Cotton, "Social and Sexual
Relationships of Lesbians," Journal of Sex Re- search, 11 (1975), 139-48. 294. CORY, DONALD WEBSTER (pseud, of Edward Sagarin). The
Lesbian in America. New York: Citadel Press, 1964. 288 pp. An ethnographic study of
lesbianism by a well-known male homosexual writer, who holds that lesbianism
is a learned condition, established when experience proves it to be
pleasurable. Also covered are lesbians' attitudes toward men, incidence,
"butch" and "femme" styles, bisesxuality, family
relations, passing, legal problems, and organizations for lesbians. 295. CRONIN, DENISE M. "Coming Out among Lesbians," in: Erich
Goode and Richard R. Troiden (eds.), Sexual Deviance and Sexual Deviants.
New York: Morrow, 1974, pp. 268-77. From interviews and
questionnaires, concludes that adopting a homosexual identity has a less
drastic effect on the lives of lesbians than it does on the lives of gay men.
Lesbians are women first and homosexuals second. 296. CRUIKSHANK, MARGARET (ed.). Lesbian Studies: Present and
Future. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1982. 286 pp. Twenty-eight articles by
lesbian scholars, some experiential, others more strictly academic. Among
the useful reference features provided are "Sample Syllabi from Courses
in Lesbianism" (pp. 217-35); "Bibliography: Books" by Lyndell
MacCowan (pp. 237-60); and "Articles" by Margaret Cruikshank (pp.
261-73). See also: Cruikshank (ed.), The Lesbian Path: 37 Lesbian
Writers Share Their Personal Experiences, Viewpoints, Traumas and Joys (Monterey,
CA: Angel Press, 1980; 248 pp.). 297. DARTY, TRUDY, and SANDEE POTTER (ed.). Women-Identified Women.
Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield, 1984. 316 pp. Nineteen essays, some previously
published, emphasizing the plurality of lesbian identities, problems
engendered by social intolerance, and lesbian culture. This informative
collection also cites many useful references. 298. DOMINY, MICHELE D. "Lesbian-Feminist Gender Conceptions:
Separatism in Christchurch, New Zealand," Signs, 11 (1986), 274-89. Field study showing the
contrast between activist groups and cultural lesbian-feminists who are
seeking to achieve an "ethos of natural purity." 299. ETTORE, ELIZABETH M. Lesbians,
Women and Society. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. 208 pp.
Employing data gathered from interviews and participant observation, an
American lesbian residing in Britain offers a quasi-Marxist theory of stages
of emergent lesbian political consciousness. Sometimes opaque. 300. FARLEY, PAMELLA. "Lesbianism and the Social
Function of Taboo," in: Hester Eisenstein and Alice Jardine (eds.), The
Future of Difference (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1980), 267-73. "[B]y definition
heterosexuality denies homosexuality; but it both requires and suppresses the
scapegoat.... Not only are the oppressed made to disappear, rendered invisible
and even obliterated. So too are the means of oppression made to
disappear." 301. FERGUSON, K. D., and DEANA C. FINKLER. "A Involvement and Overtness Measure for Lesbians: Its Development
and Relation to Anxiety and Social Zeitgeist," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 7 (1978), 211- 27. Interpreting a battery of
tests, finds that anxiety was not related to degree of homosexual
involvement, while it reflected degree of overtness in low- but not
high-status lesbians. 302. GALANA, LAUREL, and GINA COVINA. The New
Lesbians: Interviews with Women across the U.S. and Canada.
New York: Random House, 1977. 223 pp. Presents interviews with
twenty-one women of diverse backgrounds and situations. 303. GARTRELL, NANETTE. "The Lesbian as a 'Single'
Woman,"
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 35 (1981), 502-09. Presents
the process of coming out as a means of working through the conflicts that social definitions of the "single woman"
create for lesbians. See rebuttal by Charles W. Socarides, ibid.,
510-15. 304. GOLDSTEIN, MELVIN. "Some Tolerant Attitudes
toward Female Homosexuality throughout History," Journal
of Psychohistory, 9 (1982), 437-60. Offers psychohistorical
speculations as to why lesbianism has historically been tolerated, accepted
and even encouraged. See comment by Robert J. Saunders, ibid.,
10 (1983), 520-21. See also Wardell B. Pomeroy, "Why We I Tolerate
Lesbians,"
Sexology, 31 (1965), 652-55. 305.
GOODE,
ERICH, and LYNNE HABER. "Sexual
Correlates of Homosexual Experience: An Exploratory Study of i
College Women,"
Journal of Sex Research, 13 (1977), A small group of college women
who had had lesbian contacts were found to be in general more sexually
experienced than a larger group without such contacts. 306.
GOODMAN, BERNICE. The Lesbian: A Celebration of the Difference. Brooklyn, NY: Out and Out, 1977. 69 pp. Political essays, with emphasis
on the situation of lesbian mothers. 307. GREGORY-LEWIS, SASHA. Sunday's Women: A Report on Lesbian
Life Today. Boston: Beacon Press, 1979. 217 pp. A journalist's report,
competent and non-sensationalized, on the state of lesbian America at the
time of writing. Shows a political spectrum ranging from traditionalists,
through liberationists and radicals to authoritarians. 308. HALLIDAY, CAROLINE, et al. Hard Words and Why Lesbians Have to
Say Them. London: Onlywoman, 1978. 16 pp. Contrasts self-understanding with
environing stereotypes. 309. HASSELL, JULIE, and EDWARD W. SMITH. "Female Homosexuals'
Concepts of Self, Men, and Women," Journal of Personality Assessment,
39 (1975), 154-59. From a battery of tests given
to 48 women, concludes that the lesbian may be more independent, changeable,
and sexually preoccupied, and less well adjusted than her heterosexual
counterpart. 310. HEDBLOM, JACK H. "Dimensions of Lesbian Sexual Experience," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 2 (1973), 329-41. In a study of 65 Philadelphia
lesbians, find that early sexual experiences were consensual, refuting
seduction stereotypes. Also examines coming out, awareness of lesbianism, and
heterosexual involvements. See also: Hedblom, "The Female Homosexual:
Social and Attitudinal Dimensions," in J. A. McCaffrey (ed.), The
Homosexual Dialectic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1972, pp. 31-64; as well as Hedblom and John J. Hartman,
"Research on Lesbianism: Selected Effects of Time, Geographic Location
and Data Collection Technique," Archives of Sexual Behavior,
9 (1980), 217-34. 311. HESS, ELIZABETH P. "Feminist and Lesbian Development: Parallels
and Divergencies," Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23
(1983), 67-78. Explores the means by which an
identity as a "feminist" or "lesbian" becomes a positive
one, as well as the interaction between the two identities. 312. HOGAN, ROBERT A. et al. "Attitudes, Opinions, and Sexual
Development of 205 Homosexual Women," JH, 3 (1977), 123-36. Results show a high rate of
only-child status among lesbian women, a tendency towards ambivalence of
opinion on many issues, and a lack of insight into self and others. 313. HOJGARD, GUNNA. Kaere foraeldre: Lesbiske fortael- ler om deres
forhold til familien. Copenhagen: Demos, 1978. 124 pp. Presents inverviews with lesbian women concerning
their relations with their families. 314. HOPKINS, JUNE H. "The Lesbian Personality," British
Journal of Psychiatry, 115 (1969), 1433-36. In place of the descriptor
"neurotic," the following terms are suggested as describing
lesbians: more independent, more resilient, reserved, dominant, bohemian,
self-sufficient, and more composed. 315. HUGHES, NYM, et al. Stepping Out of Line. Vancouver, BC:
Press Gang, 1985. 208 pp. Essays for study and teaching
on lesbianism and feminism, coming out, parenting, reorganizing the law,
religion, and the medical system. Canadian emphasis; references. 316. JOHNSTON, JILL. Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. 283 pp. A militant writer advocates
lesbian separatism. The text is adapted from columns in The
Village Voice (New York). In a more tranquil mode, see her:
"Lesbian/Feminism Reconsidered," Salmagundi, no. 58-59
(1982-83), 10-24. 316A. KEHOE, MONICA (ed.).
Historical, Literary and Erotic Aspects of Lesbianism. New York: Haworth Press, 1986. 182 pp. Thirteen papers corresponding
to
JH, 12:3-4 (May 1986). 317. KITZINGER, CELIA, and REX S. ROGERS. "A Q-Method- ological Study
of Lesbian Identities," European Journal of Social
Psychology, 15 (1985), 167-87. English data from 41 women
revealed identity factors explicated as Personal Fulfillment, Special
Person, Individualistic, Radical Feminist and Traditional identities. 318. KLEMESRUD, JUDY. "Lesbians: The Disciples of Sappho,
Updated,"
New York Times Magazine (March 28, 1971), 38-39, 41-52. Journalistic apercus of
interest chiefly for the date of their appearance in a mainstream
publication. Discussion in issues of April 11 (pp. 5, 55) and May 9 (pp. 79-80). 319. KOKULA, ILSE. Formen lesbischer Subkultur: Vergesellschaftung und
soziale Bewegung. Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel, 1983. 168 pp. The writer, a German lesbian
sociologist and activist, portrays the structure of dynamic of lesbians in
three spheres: the bar, the clique, and the activist group. 320. KRIEGER, SUSAN. "Lesbian Identity and Community: Recent Social
Science Literature," Signs, 8 (1982), 91-108. Recent studies view lesbianism
as a product of multiple influences, and the examine
the lesbian in terms of her relationships in couples, institutions,
communities, and society rather than as an isolated individual or in relation
to her family of origin. Integration in such communities may threaten as well as support the growth of
individual identity. 321. KRIEGER, SUSAN. The Mirror Dance: Identity in a Woman's Community.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983. 199 pp. Ethnography of a
midwestern lesbian community, where lesbian relationships are complex
because they pose fundamental challenges to the individual's sense of self. 322. KUDA, MARIE JAYNE. Women Loving Women: A Selected and Annotated
Bibliography. Chicago: Lavender Press, 1975. 28 pp. List of about 200 entries,
largely superseded by M. Cruik- shank, above, and by Barbara Grier, The
Lesbian in Literature (Tallahassee: Naiad Press, 1981; 168
pp.). 323. LANER, MARY R., and ROY H. LANER. "Sexual Preference or Personal
Style? Why Lesbians are Disliked," JH, 5 (1980), 339-56. As in the case of homosexual
men, the authors found that lesbians are disliked both for sexual preference
and for personal style (departure from expected gender-role models). 324. LANNING, LEE, and VERNETTE HART. Ripening: An Almanac of Lesbian
Lore and Vision. Minneapolis: Word Weavers, 1982. 160 pp. Free-form work expressing
oneness with nature. See also their: Dreaming: An Almanac of Lesbian
Lore and Vision (Minneapolis: Word Weavers, 1983; 153 pp.). 325. LATORRE, RONALD A., and KRISTINA WENDENBURG. "Psychological
Characteristics of Bisexual, Heterosexual and Homosexual Women," JH,
9 (1983), 87-97. Of 125 women, feminine subjects
were under-represented among homosexual and bisexual women. Otherwise, the
three groups showed similar profiles. 326. LE GARREC, EVELYNE. Des femmes qui s'aiment.
Paris: Seuil, 1984. 286 pp. Sociological study of French
lesbians in relation to society; includes personal testimonies. See also:
Marie Lago and France Paramelle, La femme homosexuelle
(Tour- nai: Casterman, 1976; 203 pp.); and Nella Nobili and Edith Zha, Les
femmes et 1'amour (Paris: Hachette, 1979; 318 pp.). 327. LYNCH, JEAN M., and MARY ELLEN REILLY. "Relationships: Lesbian
Perspectives,"
JH, 12:2 (1986), 53-69. A study of 70 largely
middle-class and upper-middle-class lesbian couples finds that most achieve
partnerships characterized by equality and freedom from traditional
butch-femme role playing. 328. MANNION, KRISTIANN. Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Review of
Theory and Research. Washington: American Psychological
Association, 1976. 95 pp. (Catalogue of Selected Documents, 6:44) The empirical research involves
three major areas of investigation: assessment of the lesbian personality by
projective techniques; personality assessment studies using nonprojective
personality inventories and clinical interviews; and biographical variables
derived from projective tests designed to measure attitudes toward the
family, as well as from biographical questionnaires. 329. MARTIN, DEL, and PHYLLIS LYON. Lesbian/Woman. San
Francisco: Glide Foundation, 1972. 283 pp. Forthright account of lesbians
in America by two founders of Daughters of Bilitis in San Francisco—about
which organization the book gives considerable information. The lesbian is
defined as "a women whose primary erotic, psychological, emotional and
social interest is in a member of her own sex, even though that interest may
not be overtly expressed." The revised edition (New York:, Bantam, 1983)
has a ten-year update (1972-82). 330. NEWTON, ESTHER. "The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Rad- clyffe Hall and
the New Woman,"
Signs, 9 (1984), 557-75. Historically, the trend of
cross-dressing for women initially signaled an asexual desire for autonomy,
but gradually became linked to lesbian sexual expression as feminists sought
to break out of the asexual model of romantic friendships with other women. 331.
PACZENSKY, SUSANNE VON. Verschweige Liebe: Zur Situation der
lesbischen Frau in der Gesellschaft. Munich: Bertelsmann,
1984. 206 pp. Interviews with 75 Hamburg lesbians and analysis of their
responses. 332. PASTRE, GENEVIEVE. De l'amour lesbien. Paris: Pierre Horay,
1980. 298 pp. Somewhat subjective reflections
by a French lesbian theorist . 333. PEPLAU, LETITIA A. et al. "Loving Women: Attachment and Autonomy
in Lesbian Relationships," Journal of Social Issues,
34 (1978), 7-27. In a questionnaire study of 127
lesbians, the majority said that their current relationship was extremely
close, personally satisfying, and egalitarian. See also: Peplau et al.,
"Satisfaction in Lesbian Relationships," JH, 8 (1982), 23-35. 334. PONSE, BARBARA. "Secrecy in the Lesbian World," Urban
Life, 5 (1976), 313-38. In fear of disapproval and sanctions, lesbians tend
to hide their identity behind a heterosexual facade. Life
is compartmentalized into gay and straight spheres. Under the influence of
women's and gay liberation this situation is changing. See also her:
Identities in the Lesbian World: The Social Construction of the Self
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978; 228 pp.). 335. POOLE, KENNETH. "The Etiology of Gender Identity and the
Lesbian,"
Journal of Social Psychology, 87 (1972), 51-57. Finds support for a hypothesis
that the childhood socialization experience of heterosexual females differs,
in certain role-learning aspects, from that of homosexual females. 336. PRIETO, ENRIQUE. La homosexualidad feminina. Madrid: Uve, 1982. 116
pp. This popularizing work, though primarily designed to satisfy sexual
curiosity, offers some glimpses of Spanish lesbian life. 337. RICH, ADRIENNE. "Compulsory
Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence," Signs, 5 (1980), 631-60. Controversial article
criticizing perceived heterosexist bias in much current feminist scholarship.
"The denial of reality and visibility to women's passion for women,
women's choice of women as allies, life companions, and community, the
forcing of such relationships into dissimulation and their disintegration
under intense pressure have meant an incalculable loss to the power of all
women to change the social relations of the sexes, to liberate ourselves and each other." See responses by Anne
Ferguson et al., ibid., 7 (1981), 158-99. 338. RIESS, BERNARD F. et al. "Psychological Test Data on Female
Homosexuality: A Review of the Literature," JH, 1 (1974), 71-85. Critical and comparative review
of existing studies on responses by female homosexuals to projective and
nonpro- jective tests. See also: Riess, "New Viewpoints on the Female
Homosexual," in: V. Franks and V. Burtle (eds.), Women in
Therapy: New Psychotherapies for a Changing Society (New York:
Brunner/Mazel, 1974), pp. 191-214. 339. ROSEN, DAVID H. Lesbianism: A Study of Female Homosexuality« Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas, 1974. 123 pp. Presents a review of the literature on
lesbianism and results of a research study of 26 women. 340. RUPP, LEILA J. '"Imagine My Surprise': Women's Relationships in
Historical Perspective," Frontiers: A Journal of Women's
Studies, 5:3 (Fall 1980), 61-70. Reviews the
conflicting approaches scholars have taken, presents examples of different kinds of relationships from
the American women's movement in the 1940s and 50s, and proposes a conceptual
approach that recognizes the diversity of women's relationships without
denying their common bond. 341. SCHÄFER, SIGRID. "Sexual and Social Problems of Lesbians," Journal
of Sex Research, 12 (1976), 50-69. From questionnaire data
collected from 151 West German lesbians, discusses the coming out period, the
meaning of their heterosexual experiences, and the social and psychological
challenges lesbian life poses. 342. SCHWARZ, JUDITH. "Lesbians," in: Sarah M. Pritch- ard, The
Women's Annual Number 4, 1983-1984.
Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984, pp.
107-24 Bibliographical essays of work in recent years (emphasizing 1983),
including such themes as third-world lesbians, sexuality, history, and
lesbian lives. 343. SEGREST, MAB.
My Mama's Dead Squirrel: Lesbian Essays on Southern Culture.
Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1985. 237 pp. Region, family, personality and
self examined by an articulate Southern lesbian. 344. SHACHAR, SANDRA A., and LUCIA A. GILBERT. "Working Lesbians: Role
Conflicts and Coping Strategies," Psychology of Women Quarterly,
7 (1983), 244-56. The most frequently reported
interrole conflicts among 70 Texas women studied were bewteen the work and
lover roles, and the most frequent interrole conflicts involved the work and
daughter roles. 345. SIMON, WILLIAM, and JOHN H. GAGNON. "Femininity in the Lesbian
Community,"
Social Problems, 15 (1967), 212-21. Contends that lesbians tend to
conform to rather than deviate from the female gender role. Within
relationships lesbian sexuality is typically feminine, resulting in the
stability of couple bonds. See also their: "The Lesbians: A Preliminary
Overview," in: Gagnon and Simon (eds.), Sexual Deviance (New
York: Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 247-82. 346. SIMPSON, RUTH. From the Closet to the Courts: The Lesbian Transition. New York: Penguin,
1977. 180 pp. New York lesbian activist
discusses oppression of homosexuals by the church, psychiatric profession,
police, and media—as well as the women's movement and common myths about
lesbians. 347. SOPHIE, JOAN. "A Critical Examination of Stage Theories of
Lesbian Identity Development," JH, 12:2 (1986),
39-51. Repeated interviews with 14
women were used to test existing stage theories and to formulate a new
general theory. 348. STANLEY, JULIA PENELOPE, and SUSAN J. WOLFE (eds.). The
Coming Out Stories. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1980. 252
pp. Forty-two personal narratives
emphasizing diversity and pride. See also M. Cruikshank (ed.), above. 349. STEARN, JESS.
The Grapevine. New York: Mcfadden- Bartell, 1965. 320 pp. Journalistic expose, typical
for the period, discussing types of lesbians, their private and social lives,
and organizations. 350. VETERE, VICTORIA A. "The Role of Friendship in the Development
and Maintenance of Lesbian Love Relationships," JH, 8 (1982), 51-65. Finds that friendship was a key
factor in the formation of women's first same-sex relationship, and that it
remains a prime developmental and maintenance factor in current relationships.
See also: Jean Weber,"Lesbian Networks," Christopher
Street, 3:9 (April 1979), 51-54. 351. VIDA, GINNA (ed.). Our Right to Loves A Lesbian Resource Book.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1978. 318 pp. A well-coordinated collective
work dealing with many aspects of lesbian life and with the lesbian feminist
movement. Bibliography by Carol D. Lightner (pp. 284-88). 352. WILSON, M. LEE. "Female Homosexual's Need for Dominance and
Endurance,"
Psychological Reports, 55 (1984), 79-82. The lack of a unique pattern
for lesbians supports the contention that homosexuals can have many
personalities within normal limits. 353. WOLFF, CHARLOTTE. Love between Women. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1971. 230 pp. Psychoanalytic approach by a
London-based therapist. Sympathetic in intent, it nonetheless presents a
model of lesbian existence as one marred by conflict and impairment
. 354. WOLF, DEBORAH GOLEMAN. The Lesbian Community. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1979. 196 pp. An ethnography of a lesbian feminist community based on field work
in San Francisco. Finds that the impact of women's liberation has profoundly
altered lesbian culture, creating a community centering on collective
principles and autonomous institutions. 355. WYSOR, BETTIE. The
Lesbian Myth. New York: Random House, 1974. 438 pp. Seeks to
expose misconceptions found in religion, science, psychiatry, and
literature—and offers discussions by lesbians on motherhood, lifestyles,
sexuality, and activism. The rise of the contemporary
feminist movement produced a considerable interest in theory, some of it
informed by Marxist or other leftist concerns. In some instances, especially
during the radical period of the early 1970s it was suggested that the only
true feminist is a lesbian— hence the phenomenon of the "political
lesbian," that is one who adopts this position essentially out of
political conviction rather than affectional preference.
ALLEN, HILARY. "Political Lesbianism and Feminism—Space
for a Sexual Politics?" M/F (London), 7
(1982), 15-34. Examines difficulties inherent
in political lesbianism and the consequences for feminist politics of
sexuality.
BARRETT, MICHELE. Women's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis. New York: Schocken, 1980. 269
pp. Criticizes the semantic unclarity of three key terms: patriarchy,
ideology, and reproduction. See index for "homosexuality" and
"lesbianism."
BEAUVOIR, SIMONE DE. The Second Sex.
Translated by H. M. Parshley. New York: Modern Library, 1968. 732 pp. A much admired and influential work, first published in France in 1949 and prophetic of
the "second wave" of feminism, by an existentialist thinker and
novelist. See Chapter 15, "The Lesbian" (pp. 404-24).
CARTLEDGE, SUE, and JOANNA RYAN (eds.). Sex and
Love: New Thoughts and Contradictions. London: Women's Press,
1983. 237 pp. Fourteen original essays
reflecting "the diversity of women's experience—both within the
categorizations 'lesbian' and 'heterosexual,' and across the whole
continuum—and the plurality of options this necessitates ."
CHODOROW, NANCY. "Feminism and Difference:
Gender, Relation, and Difference in Psychoanalytic Perspective,"
Socialist Review, 46 (1979), 51-69. Examines probl ems with the
project of degendering society in order to eliminate male dominance.
COWARD, ROSALIND. Patriarchal Precedents: Sexuality
and Social Relations. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.
326 pp. Critical examination of the
history of the concept of patriarchy in Marxist, psychoanalytic, and
anthropological theory. Contends that this multiple legacy, stemming mainly
from the 19th and early 20th centuries, has contributed to our present
misunderstanding of the family, sexual relations, and sexual characteristics.
DALY, MARY. Gyn/ecology: The Metaethics of
Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978. 485 pp. A theologian turned radical
feminist theorist has created a compendium of religio-historical speculation,
together with neologism-laden visions for a post-patriarchal future. Daly
defines the concept lesbian broadly, as "woman-identified woman."
See also her:
Pure Lust, Elemental Feminist Philosophy (Boston: Beacon,
1984; 471 pp.).
DEFRIES, ZIRA. "Political Lesbianism and Sexual
Politics,"
Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 6 (1978),
71-78. Found that some women who had
sought security in lesbianism experienced disenchantment as they discovered
that the interpersonal dynamics of female-female and male-female
relationships were similar.
DEMING, BARBARA. We Are All Part of One Another: A
Barbara Demj?ng Reader. Edited by Jane
Meyerding, with a Forward by Barbara Smith. Philadelphia: New Society
Publishers, 1984. 320 pp. Representative collection
spanning her work (1959-81) as an activist for civil rights, feminism, and
lesbianism. See also her: Remembering Who We Are (Tallahassee:
Naiad Press, 1981; 240 pp.).
DONOVAN, JOSEPHINE. Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions of
American Feminism. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1985. 237 pp. An expository synthesis,
mapping the following traditions: enlightenment liberal feminism, cultural
feminism, Marxism, psychoanalysis, existential, radical feminism, and the
"new feminist moral vision." With considerable attention to lesbian
theory, this useful guide offers numerous quotations and references.
EICHLER, MARGRIT. The Double Standard: A Feminist
Critique of the Social Sciences. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1980. 151 pp. In this broad-gauged critique, see esp. pp. 86,
130-31.
EVANS, SARAH. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation
in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left. New York: Knopf, 1979. 274 pp. Historical reconstruction which highlights some of
the contradictions prevalent during the 1960s. See "Lesbianism"
(pp. 225-31). 361. FADERMAN, LILLIAN. "The 'New Gay' Lesbians," JH, 10:3-4
(1984), 85-95. Presents the developmental
process of women who have come to lesbianism through the radical feminist
movement of the past fifteen years. 362. FRIEDAN, BETTY. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton,
1963. 410 pp. Catalytic statement for
"second wave" feminism in North America, helping to precipitate a
general reexamination of sex and gender roles, and thereby influencing the
gay and lesbian movement. In the text, however, Friedan claimed that "the
shallow unreality, immaturity, promiscuity, and lack of lasting human
satisfaction that characterize the homosexual's sex life usually characterize
all his life and interests." 363. Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual
Feminism and Political Lesbianism. London: Only- women, 1981. 68 pp. Theoretical letters and
articles by British women. 364. MCALLISTER, PAM (ed.). Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism
and Nonviolence. Philadelphia: New Society, 1982. 440 pp. This feminist-pacifist anthology
includes an interview with Barbara Deming by Mab Segrest and an essay on
Natalie Barney by Karla Jay. 365. MASSEY, MARILYN CHAPIN. Feminine Soul: The Fate of an Ideal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985. 219 pp. Reconstructs a Central European
concept as embodied in Romantic works of imagination by Johann Heinrich
Pestaloz- zi, Novalis, and Friedrich Froebel. The conclusion points to
parallels with such contemporary thinkers as Mary Daly and Adrienne Rich. 366. MYRON, NANCY, and CHARLOTTE BUNCH. Lesbianism and the Women's
Movement. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975. 120 pp. Collection of essays reprinted
from
The Furies discussing aspects of lesbian-feminist politics:
heterosexual privilege, bisexuality, heterosexism, and lesbian separatism. 367. PRESTON, JOHN. "Goodbye, Sally Gearhart: Gay Men and Feminists
Have Reached a Fork in the Road," Christopher Street,
no. 58 (November 1981), 17-26. Holds that the activities of
antipornography women mandate a reassessment of the relationship between gay
men and feminists, including lesbians. See also: Brian Mossop, "Gay
Men's Feminist Mistake," Body Politic, no. 67
(October 1980), 32. 368. SNITOW, ANN, et al. (eds.). The Politics of Sexuality.
New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983. 489 pp. Collection of chiefly
sex-positive papers and statements, all by women scholars, except for two (by
Allen Berube and John D'Emilio). 369. VANCE, CAROLE S. (ed.). Pleasure and Danger: Exploring
Female Sexuality. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. 462 pp. Papers from the controversial
1982 Barnard College conference. They are generally supportive of an
exploratory, libertarian approach and opposed to antipornographic rigorism. With the acceptance of women's
studies in many universities in North America and abroad, there has been an
almost explosive growth in scholarship. To survey the field adequately would
require a work several times the size of the present one. The following
citations will enable one to find other references. 370. DAVIS, NANETTE J., and JONE M.
KEITH. Women and Deviance: Issues in
Social Conflict and Change: An Annotated Bibliography. New
York: Garland, 1984. 236 pp. Describes some 500 items
(articles and books), in such areas as criminal behavior, substance abuse,
lesbianism, and mental illness. 371. EVANS, MARY, and DAVID MORGAN. Work on Women: A Guide to the
Literature. New York: Methuen, 1980. 83 pp. Unannotated bibliography
divided into nine subject- specific chapters. 372. GILBERT, V. F., and D. S. TATLA. Women's Studies: A Bibliography of Dissertations 1870-1982. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell, 1986. 512 pp. Lists over 12,000 unpublished dissertations
completed in Britain and North America in a range of disciplines. 373. HABER, BARBARA. Women in America: A Guide to Books. Second ed. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1981. 262 pp. Selected, annotated list of books
arranged by subject and covering the period 1963-79. 374. HINDING, ANDREA (ed.). Women's
History Sources: A Guide to Archives and Manuscript Collections in the United
States.
New York: R. R. Bowker,
1979. 2 vols. Very comprehensive, but
inadequately indexed for lesbianism. Permits access to much otherwise
unretrievable material. 368. JACOBS, SUE ELLEN. Women in Perspectives A Guide for Cross-Cultural
Studies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974. 299 pp. An anthropologist provides help
in escaping Western parochialism. 369. KRICHMAR, ALBERT. The Women's
Movement in the Seventies: An International English-Language Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1977. 875 pp. Presents 8,637 citations, with
one-line annotations. Complements the author's The Women's Rights Movement in the
United States, 1848-1970s A Bibliography and Sourcebook
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1972; 436 pp.). 370. OAKES, ELIZABETH H., and KATHLEEN E. SHELDON. Guide to Social Science Resources in Women's
Studies. Santa
Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1978. 162 pp. Selective, well-annotated bibliography aimed
primarily at "professors of introductory interdisciplinary women's
studies" and other teachers. Core lists in anthropology, economics,
history, psychology, sociology, and contemporary feminist thought, stressing
contemporary book- length contributions. Well indexed. 371. REINHARZ, SHULAMIT, et al. "Methodological Issues in Feminist
Research: A Bibliography of Literature in Women's Studies, Sociology and
Psychology," Women's
Studies International Forum, 6 (1983), 437-54. Presents material on such
issues as institutional bases, sex biases, feminist critiques, and cognitive
style differences between men and women. 372. SAHLI, NANCY.
Women and Sexuality in Americas A Bibliography. Boston: G. K.
Hall, 1984. 404 pp. Annotated, with material from
the late 19th century on, which is of value in tracing historical antecedents
of present positions. See "Lesbians" (pp. 281-303). 373. SEARING, SUSAN E. Introduction to Library Research in Women's Studies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985. 257 pp. "User friendly" guide
to practical aspects of research, offering selected annotated lists by
subject. See esp. pp. 123-24, 184, 218-19. 389. STINEMAN, ESTHER. Women's
Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography. Littleton, CO: Libraries
Unlimited, 1979. 672 pp. Selected list of 1,763 books and periodicals,
grouped in twenty-one subject areas, with thoughtful, detailed
annotations. 390. TERRIS, VIRGINIA R. Women in America: A Guide to Information Sources.
Detroit: Gale, 1980. 520 pp. Ambitious research guide and
bibliography, with author, title, and subject indexes. 391. WARREN, MARY. The Nature of Women: An Encyclopedia and Guide to
the Literature.
Inverness, CA: Edge- press, 1980. 701 pp. This massive volume offers a
collection of short essays on topics and authors, arranged alphabetically.
Each essay presents first an objective summary, followed by the author's
judgments. Strong on philosophy and theory. 392. WILLIAMSON, JANE. New Feminist Scholarship: A Guide to Bibliographies.
Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1979. 139 pp. Lists nearly 400 bibliographies
under 30 subject headings: about half the items are annotated. See also: Patricia
K. Ballou,
Women: A Bibliography of Bibliographies (Boston: G. K. Hall,
1980; 155 pp.—annotates material from 1970 through 1979); and Maureen
Ritchie,
Women's Studies: A Checklist of Bibliographies (London:
Mansell, 1980; 107 pp.—unannotated list of about 500 items). D. COMPARISONS OF LESBIANS AND GAY MEN The considerable differences
between lesbian and male- homosexual behavior have been relatively little discussed.
Sometimes they are taken for granted as reflecting more general differences
between men and women. Apart from the fact that these differences are as yet
poorly understood, it cannot be excluded that just as male and female
homosexuals differ from their heterosexual counterparts, they will differ
from each other in ways that are not predictable from heterosexual-based
studies of male-female differences. Others seek to minimize lesbian-gay male
differences because of an allegiance to a concept of human androgyny, which
stresses the malleability of all gender conditioning. Finally, there are
those who hold that the political necessity of an alliance between lesbians
and gay men makes discussion of differences inexpedient. 393. DE MONTEFLORES, CARMEN,
and STEPHEN J. SCHULTZ. "Coming Out: Similarities and Differences for
Lesbians and Gay Men," Journal of Social Issues, 34 (1978),
59-72. Differences in the coming-out experiences of men and women are related
to conformity to a violation of sex-role expectations, as well as to political and legal
issues. 394. "DOB Questionnaire Reveals Some Comparisons between Male and
Female Homosexuals," Ladder, 4:12 (1960), 4-25. Gay men did not show as great
an income superiority as expected, and they had experienced more frequent
conflicts with the law. Men had more frequent and earlier homosexual
experiences, but fewer of them had had heterosexual experiences. 395. HENDERSON, ANN F. "Homosexuality in the College Years:
Developmental Differences between Men and Women," Journal
of American College Health, 32 (1984), 216-19. Contends that sexual
orientation is established later for women than for men, and is subjected to
different psychological stresses. 396. KARR, M. A. "Sally Gearhart: Wandering—and Wondering-—on Future
Ground,"
Advocate, no. 286 (February 26, 1980), pp. 21-22. Gearhart, a San Francisco
lesbian activist and writer, holds that women have a "unique capacity
for collective psychic power," which men lack. For this and other
reasons, an alliance between lesbians and gay men is problematic. 397. NYBERG, KENNETH L. "Sexual Aspirations and Sexual Behaviors among
Homosexually Behaving Males and Females: The Impact of the Gay
Community,"
JH, 2 (1976), 29-38. Interprets questionnaire
results as indicating that differences between lesbians and gay men reflect
not only gender and general cultural differences determined by the larger
society, but also the differing reception of specific movements for social
change among them. 398. SAGHIR, MARCEL T., and ELI ROBINS. "Male and Female
Homosexuality: Natural History," Comprehensive Psychiatry,
12 (1971), 501-10. Finds that the homosexual male
begins his sexual involvement in early adolescence while the lesbian begins
several years later. 399. SCHÄFER, SIEGRID. "Sociosexual Behavior in Male and Female
Homosexuals: A Study in Sex Differences," Archives of Sexual Behavior,
6 (1977), 355-64. Interpretation of West German
data indicates that being a woman tends to influence the sociosexual behavior
of lesbians more than being homosexual. 400. WINCZE, JOHN P., and C. BRANDON QUAILS. "A Comparison of
Structural Patterns of Sexual Arousal in Male and Female Homosexuals," Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 13 (1984), 361-70. In a study of responses to films, it was found -—
not surprisingly -- that lesbians showed little response to male erotic films and gay men were correspondingly indifferent to lesbian erotic films. III. HISTORY AND AREA STUDIES Inasmuch as homosexual behavior
is practiced by individuals, the biographical method has often proved
appealing— hence the "hall of fame" approach singling out
homosexual notables, who are often presented as moral exemplars set apart
from their historical context. (See "Biographies: Collective,"
III.T). A contrasting historiographic trend seeks to determine context, and
then to situate the individuals within it. This approach, often associated
with the Social Construction research program, has its own problems stemming
from its tendency to reduce individuals to the status of mere puppets of
their social situation and to obscure continuities linking experience from
one era to another. There is also a trend to broaden the scope of inquiry to
comprise
homosociality, including same-sex friendship, whether or not
this be expressed genitally (see
"Friendship," XIV.K). Another area of uncertainty is the
parallelism that has often been assumed—rather than demonstrated—between
lesbian and gay male experience. Historically, many cultures have not
regarded the two as homologous. This section cites short methodological
studies as well as larger works attempting synthesis. 401. AGUIAR, ASDRUBAL ANTONIO D'. "Evolucao da Pederas- tia e do
Lesbismo na Europa," Arquivo da Univer- sidade do Lisboa, 11
(1926), 336-620. Survey of the history of male
homosexuality and lesbianism in Europe from classical antiquity to the
present, citing many texts. While much is understandably culled from other
sources, this major study is useful for Spain and Portugal, and for statutory
law (including that pertaining to lesbianism). 402. ARIES, PHILIPPE, and ANDRE BEJIN (eds.). Western Sexuality: Practice and
Precept in Past and Present. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 220
pp. Collection of papers treating
the history of sexuality from ancient Greece onwards, several directly
relevant. Translated from Communications [Paris], no. 35 (1982). 403. BOSWELL, JOHN. "Revolutions, Universale and Sexual
Categories,"
Salmagundi, no. 58-59 (1982-83), 89- 113. Methodological reflections
which seek to clarify the problem of continuity in sexual history by
proposing a threefold typology. Boswell proposes to apply the medieval
conflict between nominalism and essentialism as a model for understanding current controversies. 404. BULLOUGH, VERN. Sex, Society and History. New York:
Science Society Publications, 1976. 186 pp. Reprints fourteen scholarly
papers ranging from ancient Mesopotamia through the middle ages to
nineteenth- century America. 405. BULLOUGH, VERN. Sexual Variance in Society and History. New York: John
Wiley, 1976. 715 pp. An ambitious work of synthesis, correlating
homosexuality with other modes of sexual behavior, and showing the
overarching control of culture, including religion. The contrast between
sex-positive and sex-negative societies is overly schematic. The notes offer
much documentation. See also his introductory work:
Homosexuality, A History: From Ancient Greece to Gay Liberation
(New York: New American Library, 1979; 196 pp.). 406. BULLOUGH, VERN, and BONNIE
BULLOUGH. Sin, Sickness and Sanity: A
History of Sexual Attitudes. New York: New American Library,
1977. 276 pp. (Meridian Books) Stimulating but rapid survey of
a vast domain; see pp. 3-4, pp. 3-4, 52-53, 84-85, 154-55, 201-10. 407. CHAMBERLAIN, J. EDWARD, and SANDER L. GILMAN (ed.).
Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1985. 303 pp. Papers of varying quality on
the permutations of the concept in several fields, mainly in Europe in the
19th and 20th centuries. Considerable indirect interest. For an exhaustive study
of a related problem, see: Alexander Demandt, Der Fall Roms: Die Auflösung des
Römischen Reiches im ürteil der Nachwelt (Munich: С. H. Beck, 1984; 695 pp.), which lists 210
factors—including homosexuality—which have been implicated in the fall of Rome. 408. CROMPTON, LOUIS. "Gay Genocide from Leviticus to Hitler,"
in: L. Crew (ed.),
The Gay Academic. Palm Springs, CA: Etc., 1978, 67-91. Surveys the persecution of male
homosexuals through the application of the death penalty, from Biblical times
through the Nazi era. 409. DALL'ORTO, GIOVANNI. "L'evoluzione del concetto di 1omosessualità1 nei secoli," in: F. Castellano (ed.), Essere
omosessuale. Cuneo: AGA, 1981, 39- 62. Outline of changing concepts of
homosexual behàvior from the Greeks to
the present. 410. DANIEL, MARC (pseud.)". "Essai de
méthodologie pour l'étude des aspects homosexuels de ^histoire." Arcadie,
no. 131 (November 1964), 497-505; no. 132 (December 1964), 559-65. Criticizes methods of
historical analysis applied by US Movement scholars. A shortened version
appeared in:
ONE Quarterly (Fall 1960). 411. DYNES, WAYNE, and WARREN JOHANSSON. "Eros, Myth and Stigma: The
Historical Semantics of Sexual Intolerance," The Voice [San Francisco],
3:2 (January 14, 1981), 8. Continues in successive issues
of the newspaper until 3:10 (May 8, 1981), 34. Examines the historical role
of such concepts as the unnatural, decadence, and sexism. Largely
incorporated in: Dynes, Homolexis (New York: Gay Academic Union,
1985; 177 pp.). 412. EAUBONNE, FRANÇOISE D'.
Eros minoritaire. Paris: Ballard, 1970.' 326 pp. Literary-historical survey of "minority"
sexual behavior. 413. EGLINTON, J. Z. (pseud.). Greek Love. New York:
Oliver Layton Press, 1964. 504 pp. The title notwithstanding, this
book offers a comprehensive study of sexual and educational relationships
between men and boys with special reference to historical aspects over the
centuries (not limited to Greece). There is considerable emphasis on literary
works and legal sources. 414. FLANDRIN, JEAN-LOUIS. Le sexe et l'Occident. Paris: Seuil, 1981. 376 pp. Collection of essays by a French historian
who has become influential through his pioneering use of quantitative and and
analytical methods. Of general, rather than specifically homosexual
interest. 415. FOUCAULT, MICHEL. The History of Sexuality: Vol. I: An Introduction. Translated from French by R.
Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1978. 170 pp. Stimulating, but sometimes opaque
essay on the conceptual foundations of modern sexuality, which has had a
great influence on the Social Construction school of homosexual history. This
programmatic text—published in Paris in 1976 as La volonté de savoir—vas to be
followed by five more volumes offering supporting detail for recent centuries.
Although this project was not realized, two volumes dealing instead with
classical antiquity did appear just before his death in 1984. 416.
FRIELE,
KAREN-CHRISTINE.
De vorsvant bare ... Fragmente av homofiles historié. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1985. 200 pp. A noted Norwegian lesbian
activist and scholar presents aspects of homosexual
history from Old Testament times to ca. 1950. 417. GREENBERG, DAVID, and MARCIA BYSTRYN. "Capitalism, Bureaucracy,
and Male Homosexuality," Contemporary Crises, 8 (1984), 33-56.
Argues that the late 19th- and 20th-century stigmatization of homosexual
behavior is a consequence of competitive capitalism and bureaucratic
organization. 418. HARDMAN, PAUL D. Homoaffectionalism: The Civilizing Factor.
Los Angeles: One Institute, 1985. Reviews history from the
Hittites through the Middle Ages in a new theoretical perspective. 418A. HOFFMAN, RICHARD J.
"Clio, Fallacies, and Homosexuality," JH, 10:3/4 (Winter
1984), 45-52. Signals such methodological faults as the assertion of
assumptions as proven, monothematism, semantic distortion, ethnocentrism,
anachronism, historicism, the pathetic fallacy, and tunnel history. 419. KEPNER, JIM.
Becoming a People ... A 4,000 Year Gay and Lesbian Chronology.
Los Angeles: National Gay Archives, 1983. 79 pp. Persons and events from history
marshalled chronologically, with introductory reflections on method.
"Prepub- lication Edition" containing some imperfections. 420. Lesbian History Issue. Frontiers: A Journal of Women's
Studies, 4:3 (Fall 1979). 88pp. Collection of essays, many
containing references, chiefly on recent history. Note especially: Judith
Schwartz, "Questionnaire on Issues in Lesbian History," pp. 1-12. 421. LICATA, SALVATORE, and ROBERT J. PETERSEN (eds.). Historical
Perspectives on Homosexuality. New York: Stein and Day/Haworth
Press, 1981. 224 pp. Book publication of a special number of JH
(6:1/2; Fall-Winter 1980-81) containing twelve papers of exceptional quality
(high Middle Ages to the 20th century). 422. NOONAN, JOHN T. Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the
Catholic Theologians and Canonists. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press,
1966. 561 pp. Study of remarkable scope with
considerable indirect application to homosexuality. 423. PADGUG, ROBERT. "Bibliography," Committee on Lesbian and Gay
History Newsletter (Summer 1983), 12-16. Classified list of 119
items, many annotated. Continued in Newsletter, no. 8
(Summer
1984) [published in IGLA Bulletin, no. 2],
38-42 (142 items). 424. PADGUG, ROBERT. "Sexual Matters: On Conceptualizing Sexuality in
History,"
Radical History Review, 20 (1979), 3-23. A gay historian attempts to
fuse the Social Construction approach to the history of the development of
sex- ual behavior with Marxist immanentism. See also Bert
Hansen, "Historical Construction of Homosexuality." ibid., 66-73. 425. PARKER, WILLIAM. "Homosexuality in History: An Annotated
Bibliography,"
JH, 6:1/2 (Fall-Winter 1980-81), 191-210. Classified selection of 123
items, all in the English language. 426. SPRAGUE, GREGORY A. "Male Homosexuality in Western Culture: The
Dilemma of Identity and Subculture in Historical Research." JH,
10:3/4 (Winter 1984), 29-43. Reviews recent scholarship on
the emergence of homosexual identities and subcultures in Western societies. 427. STONE, LAWRENCE. "Sex in the West." New
Republic (July 8, 1985), 25-37. A noted historian's thoughtful
synthesis for the lay reader of publications in the history of sexuality over
the last decade. 428. TAYLOR, GORDON RATTRAY. Sex in History. New
York: Vanguard, 1954. 336 pp. Offers a dualistic scheme of history as a succession of "matrist" and "patrist" eras. Only in the former, in which women had high status, did homosexuality come to flourish openly. Willful. 429.
USSEL,
JOSEF MARIA WILLEM VAN. Sexualunterdriick- ung. Hamburg:
Rowohlt, 1970. 248 pp. A Belgian scholar interprets
the sexual history of Europe as a pattern of repression—a view that is
probably overstated. This work, translated from a Dutch original (1968),
derives from a thesis emphasizing the 18th century, which remains the most
useful aspect of the book in its several published versions. B. ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND EGYPT The civilizations of the
ancient Near East, here embracing an arc from Egypt to Iran, are difficult for the nonspec- ialist to penetrate.
Because of the hermetic complexities of the written and archaeological
evidence, progress in our knowledge is of necessity in the hands of trained
specialists. In evaluating the citations listed below it is well to bear in
mind that some are relatively specialized and technical, while others are
addressed to the lay reader. In addition to their intrinsic importance, the
civilizations of the ancient Near East are significant as a foundation for
ancient Greece (see III.C) and a major influence on the Bible (see VII.B). 430. ALDRED, CYRIL. Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt: a New Study. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1968. 272 pp. See Chapter 8, "The Pathology ot Akhenaten" (pp.
133-39), advancing a dubious medical explanation for the heretical ruler's
androgynous appearance, which has often been remarked. 431. BIGGS, ROBERT D. SA.ZI.GA: Ancient
Mesopotamian Potency Incantations in Texts from Cuneiform Sources. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1967. 86 pp. Texts shedding light on the
attitudes toward sexuality in general, and about homosexuality, including
anal intercourse. See also his: "Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia,"
History
of Science, 8 (1969), 94-105. 432. BOTTERO, JEAN, and H. PETSCHOW. "Homosexualität," Reallexikon der Assyriologie, 4 ['1975 ], ' 459-68 . Well-documented survey in
French of ancient Mesopotamian written and artistic evidence. 433. BULLOUGH, VERN. "Attitudes toward Deviant Sex in Ancient
Mesopotamia,"
Journal of Sex Research, 7:3 (1971), 184-203. Argues that there were fewer
prohibitions against sex in these early societies than in our own time. 434. BULLOUGH, VERN. "Homosexuality as Submissive Behavior," Journal
of Sex Research, 9:4 (1973), 283-88. Argues, chiefly from
mythological evidence, that the Egyptians used anal intercourse to symbolize
dominance. For a broader perspective on ancient Egypt, see the author's Sexual
Variance in Society and History (New York: Wiley, 1976), 58-73. 435. DEAKIN, TERENCE J. "Evidence for Homosexuality in Ancient
Egypt,"
International Journal of Greek Love, 1:1 (1966), 31-38. A useful survey, critical and well referenced. 436. DORNSEIFF, FRANZ. "Ägyptische Liebeslieder, Hoheslied, Sappho, Theokrit," Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 90 (1931), 588-601. Detects an Egyptian model for Sappho's poetry. 437. DUCHESNE-GUILLEMIN, JACQUES. Symbols and Values in Zoroastrianism: Their Survival and Renewal. New York: Harper and Row,
1966. 167 pp. In Iran the procreative ethic of Zoroastrianism produced
sometimes virulent condemnations of homosexuality, though Herodotus (1:135)
mentions it as flourishing there (p. 149 ff.). 438. GOEDICKE, HANS. "Unrecognized
Sportings,"
Journal of the
American Research Center in Egypt, 6 (1967), 97-102. Maxim 32 of the Instructions to
Ptahhotep (Papyrus Prisse 14.4-6) is interpreted (uncertainly) as an
admonition to refrain from pederastic assault after meeting objections to
advances. 439. GRIFFITHS, JOHN GWYN. The Conflict of Horus and Seth. Chicago: Argonaut,
1969. 182 pp. Interpretation of key Egyptian mythological texts with salient
homoerotic features. See also his: The Origins of Osiris and His Cult
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980; 287 pp.), p. 15. 440. HELD, GEORGE F. "Parallels between The Gilgamesh Epic and Plato's
Symposium,"
Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 42 (1983), 133-41. Close reading of the language
of Gilgamesh's dream reveals its homoerotic character. Translations of the
epic tend to be bowdlerized in this and other regards. Note also an earlier
article by Thorkild Jacobsen, "How Did Gilgames Oppress Uruk?" Acta
Orientalia, 8 (1930), 70 ff.; as well as Giuseppe Furlani,
"L'epopea di Gilgames come inno all'amicizia,"
Belfagor, 1 (1946, 577-89. See also: A. D. Kilmer; and B. Thorbjornsrud , below. 441. HILLERS, DELBERT R. "The Bow of Aqhat: The Meaning of a Mythological Theme," in: Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. (ed.). Orient and Occident. Kevelaer: Verlag Butzon und Bercker, 1973, pp. 70-80. Transvestism, eunuchism, and
male cult prostitution in the ancient Near East. 442. HOFFMAN, RICHARD J. "Vices, Gods, and Virtues: Cosmology as a
Mediating Factor in Attitudes toward Male Homosexuality," JH,
9:2/3 (1983-84), 27-44. Using historical and
anthropological evidence, argues a contrast between monotheism and polytheism
with regard to male homosexuality. Speculative. 443. HOFFNER, HARRY A., JR. "Incest, Sodomy and Bestiality in the
Ancient Near East," in: Hoffner (ed.), Orient and Occident.
Kevalaer: Verlag Butzon und Bercker, 1973, pp. 81-90. Comparative study of texts from
different regions of the ancient Near East. 444. KILMER, ANNE DRAFFKORN. "A Note on an Overlooked Word Play in the
Akkadian Gilgamesh," in: G. Van Driel et al. (eds.), Zikir
Sumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F. R. Kraus on the Occasion of His
Seventieth Birthday. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, pp. 128-32. On homosexual puns in the Gilgamesh epic. 445. LAMBERT, W. G. "Morals in Ancient Mesopotamia," Ex oriente lux, 15 (1957-58), 184-96. Reveals some striking contrasts with our own attitudes. 446. LECLANT, JEAN. "Les textes de la
Pyramide de Pépi
(Saqqara)," Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Comptes-Rendus, 1977, pp. 269-290. For an Old Kingdom text from Saqqara on the relation
between Osiris and Seth, see pp. 278-79. 447. MANNICHE, LISE. "Some Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Sexual Life," Acta
Orientalia, 38 (1977), 11-23. See pp. 14-15 for brief
comments on male homosexuality and lesbianism. 448. MONTET, PIERRE. "Le fruit défendu," Kémi: Revue de Philologie et d'Archéologie Egyptiennes et Coptes, II
(1950), 85-116. Discusses problems of
translating early Egyptian texts that seem to forbid homosexuality. 449. MORAN, W. L. "New Evidence from Mari on the History of Prophecy," Biblica,
50 (1969), 15-56. Possible citations from
Mesopotamian palace correspondence to homosexual favorites of the king,,and to homosexual cult officials. 450. MORET, ALEXANDRE. Du caractère religieux de la royauté pharaonique. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1902. (Annales du Musée Guimet, Bibliothèque d'Etudes, 15). For symbolic divine homosexual embraces in the coronation rites of
Ramses II and II, see pp. 45-48, 100-01, 106-08. See
also his:
Le rituel du culte divin journalier en Egypte. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1902; Annales du Musée Guimet, Bibliothèque d'Etudes, 14), pp. 22^-24, 99-101. 451. NIBLEY, HUGH. The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment. Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1976. 305 pp. For description of the ritual
coronation embraces of the Egyptian king, see pp. 241-66. 452. POSENER, GEORGES. "Le conte de Neferkaré et du général Sisiné," Revue d'Egyptologie, 11 (1957), 119-37. Text, translation and commentary and of Middle
Kingdom Egyptian story of King Pepy II's (2355-2261 B.C.) amorous trysts
with his general. See also his: "Sur l'emploi
euphématique de hftj(w) 'ennemi(s), "' Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache,
96 (1969), 30-35. 453. PRITCHARD, JAMES B. (ed.). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating
to the Old Testament. Third ed. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1969. 710 PP. In this standard collection of
translations, see pp. 34-35 (Egyptian Protestation of
Guiltlessness), p. 181 (Middle Assyrian Laws), and p. 196 (Hittite Laws:
father-son incest is a capital offense). 454. REEDER, GREG. "Journey to the Past: Egypt and a Gay Tomb?" Advocate
(May 12, 1983), 25ff. Finds homosexuality in an Old Kingdom tomb's frescos. The tomb is published in Ahmed M. Moussa and Hartwig Altenmuller, Das Grab des Nianchnum and Chnumhotep. (Mainz: Von Zabern, 1977; 180 pp. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 21). 455. RIEFSTAHL, ELIZABETH. "An Enigmatic Faience Figure," in: Miscellanea
Wilbouriana (Brooklyn Museum), vol. 1, p. 137ff. An ithyphallic figurine found
in a tomb at Lisht is cautiously interpreted as a catamite for the enjoyment
of the deceased. 456. THORBJORNSRUD, BERIT. "What Can the Gilgamesh Myth Tell Us about
Religion and the View of Humanity in Mesopotamia?" Temenos,
19 (1983), 112-37. Interprets the relationship of
Gilgamesh and Enkidu as a homosexual friendship that entails the rejection of
Ishtar, the female principle. Much later, the Assyrians prohibited male
homosexuality and abolished the cult prostitution connected with the shrines
of Ishtar. 457. VELDE, H. TE. Seth, God of Confusion. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967. 183 pp. This standard work on the
somewhat sinister Egyptian God Seth includes discussion of his homoerotic
relation with Horus. 458.
WESTENDORF,
WOLFHART. "Homosexualität," Lexikon
der Ägyptologie, 2 (1977), cols. 1272-74. Concise summary of current
knowledge about ancient Egyptian homosexuality, with references. Interest in Greek and Roman
homosexuality as a subject begins with the Renaissance, as part of the
learned enterprise of humanistic philology, which provided "cover"
for the exploration of pédérastie themes. In the 18th century, neoclassicism sparked a
new wave of interest, as seen in the career of J. J. Winckelmann, who is
often regarded as the first modern art historian. With new critical methods
and the beginnings of field archaeology, the 19th century revolutionized the
study of the ancient past. Classical philology played an important part in
the formation of the ideas of such homosexual scholars as J. A.
Symonds and K. H. Ulrichs. Since about 1965 there has been a fresh wave of
classical scholarship throwing light on (homo)sexuality
by profiting from the removal of taboos. See also Ancient Art (VI.B), for the
important subject of vase painting, a medium that also yields social and
historical data. For ancient medicine, see XXIII.D. The classical sources
themselves, which exist in many editions, are not listed here as such; see
the bibliographies in the monographs of K. J. Dover (491), F. Buf- fiere
(477), and S. Lilja (536), as well as the Personal Names Index. 459. AFRICA, THOMAS. "Homosexuals in Greek History," Journal
of Psychohistôry, 9:4 (1982), 401-20. Focusing largely on the
relatively neglected Hellenistic period, the author attempts a biographical
approach, which is marred by anachronistic psychoanalytic assumptions. For a
critique, suggesting homophobia on Africa's part, see Fernando
Gonzalez-Reigosa and Angel Velez-Diaz, ibid., 10:4
(1983), 511-19; followed by Africa's intemperate response, ibid., 11:1
(1983), 129-32. 460. ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, HENRI D.' La famille celtique. Paris: Bouillon, 1905. 221 pp. The appendix (pp. 187-199)
treats the question: were the ancient Celts homosexual? 461. BABUT, DANIEL. "Les Stoiciens et l'amour," Revue des Etudes Grecques, 76 (1963), 55-63. Refutes Flaceliere's claim that
the later Stoic thinkers condemned homosexual love. See also J. M. Rist, Stoic
Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp.
56-69. 462. BAIRD, LORRAYNE Y. "Priapus
gallinaceus: The Role of the Cock in Fertility and Eroticism in Classical
Antiquity and the Middle Ages," Studies in Iconography,
7-8 (1981-82), 81-111. Extensively documented study on
the erotic connotations of the rooster. "In ancient Greece and
surrounding areas, the most common erotic association of the cock ... seems
to have been with homosexual affairs." 463. BALSDON, J. P. V. D. Romans
and Aliens. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1979. 310 pp. This encyclopedic work helps to
situate Roman concepts of pederasty in the framework of their attitudes
toward foreigners. See pp. 225-27. 464. BERNAY, JEROME. "Folies romaines: les homosexuels dans
l'oeuvre de Juvénal," Arcadie, no. 259-60 (July-August 1975), 356-64. Characters in the poet's satires. See also his:
"La repression de l'homosexualité
dans la Rome antique," ibid., no. 250
(October 1974), 443-55. 454. BETHE, ERICH. "Die dorische Knabenliebe: ihre Ethik und ihre Idee," Rheinisches Museum, 62 (1907), 438-75. This influential study by a
noted philologist offers an imaginative reconstruction of the dynamics of the
relation between the male lover and his beloved in ancient Greece. Yet
Bethe's attribution of the origins of the Greek institution of pederasty to
the Dorian influx has been weakened by recent criticisms by Sir Kenneth
Dover. The paper was reissued in 1983 in Berlin (Verlag Rosa Winkel) as an
independent brochure (48 pp.), with an introduction by Wolfram Setz. 455. BEYER, RUDOLF. Fabulae graecae
quatenus quave aetate puerorum amore commutatae sint. Weida, Thuringia: Thomas und Hubert, 1910. 77 pp. This published dissertation in
Latin is an important source for Greek myths of affairs between gods and
their beloved boys. 456. BLOCH, ROBERT D. Pseudo-Luciani amoribus: dissertatio inauguralis. Strasbourg: Truebner, 1907. 49 pp. Valuable philological analysis,
in Latin, of the essay on love mistakenly attributed to Lucian. 457. BOWRA, CECIL MAURICE, SIR. Greek Lyric Poetry: from Alcman to
Simonides. Second, revised ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
444 pp. Contains chapters on Sappho
(pp. 176-240); Ibycus (pp. 241-67); and Anacreon (pp. 268-307, esp. pp.
277-84). 458. BOWRA, CECIL MAURICE, SIR. Pindar. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1964. 446 pp. Standard account in English of
the great Theban poet; see esp. pp. 106-07, 166-70, 274, 362, 386-88. 459. BRELICH, ANGELO. Paides e parthenoi. Rome: Edi- zioni dell'Ateneo, 1969. 500 pp. Greek rites of initiation,
including pederasty, from a comparative perspective. 460. BREMMER, JAN. "An Enigmatic Indo-European Rite: Paederasty,"
Arethusa, 13:2 (1980), 279-98. Controversial cross-cultural
analysis of parallels for Greek initiatory homosexuality. 461. BRIGHT, DAVID F. Haec mihi fingebam: Tibullus and His World. Leiden: Brill,
1978. 275 pp. Includes discussion of lyrics
addressed to the boy Marathus. 473. BRISSON, LUC. "Aspects politiques de la bisexualité: l'histoire de Polycrite." In: M. B. De Boer and T. A. Eldridge (eds.), Hommages à Maarten J. Vermaseren. Leiden: Brill, 1978, vol. 1, pp. 80-122. On a legend found in Phlegon of Tralles and Proclus concerning the birth of an androgynous
monster. See also his: Le mythe de Tirésias (Leiden: Brill, 1976; 189 pp.). 474.
BROUWER, PETRUS VAN LIMBURG. Histoire de la
civilisation morale et religieuse des Grecs. Groningen: W. van Boekeren, 1833-42. See volume 4 (of part 2), pp. 224-75, for a Dutch classicist's
detailed and relatively objective account of "l'amour des males,"
remarkable for its time. 475.
BRUYN,
E. B. DE.
Sex en eros bij Martialis. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers,
1979. 225 pp. Sex and love in the epigrams of
Martial. 476. BUCKLER, JOHN. The Theban Hegemony, 371-362 B.C. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1980. 339 pp. The period of the triumph of
the Theban Band, whose homosexual character is regrettably scanted by Buckler. 477. BUFFIÈRE, FÉLIX. Eros adolescent: la péderastie dans la Grèce antique. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1980. 703 pp. Monumental survey of Greek
homosexuality, including its prolongation into Hellenistic and Roman times,
with numerous textual analyses and translations. Sometimes uncritical. Note
esp. the full index of ancient authors (pp. 660-71). 478. BURNETT, ANNE PIPPIN. "Desire and Memory (Sappho frag. 94).," Classical Philology, 74 (1979), 16-27. On the poet's poignant lyric of
parting. In general, see Jeffrey Duban, Ancient and Modern Images of Sappho (Lanham, MD: Classical
Association of the Atlantic States/University Press of America, 1983;
Classical World Special Series, 2). 479. CALAME, CLAUDE. Les choeurs de jeunes filles en Grèce archaique. Rome: Ateneo & Bizzarii, 1977. 2 vols. See vol. 2 esp. for evidence from Alcman's poems on lesbian aspects
of girls' initation rites in early Greece. 480. CARTLEDGE, PAUL. "The Politics of Spartan Pederasty,"
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 207 (1981),
17-36. Useful, but somewhat
inconclusive review of the evidence. 481. CLARKE, W. M. "Achilles and Patroclus in
Love," Hermes,
106 (1978), 381-96. From a review of textual
evidence and ancient parallels, the author concludes that Homer's heroes were
indeed in love. Contrast D. S. Barrett, "The Friendship of Achilles and
Patroclus,"
Classical Bulletin, 57 (1981), 87-93, who (writing evidently in
ignorance of Clarke's arguments) excludes homoeroticism. See also D. S.
Sinos,
Achilles, Patroklos and the Meaning of 'Philos' (Innsbruck: 1980); and W. Thomas MacCary,
Childlike Achilles: Ontogeny and Phylogeny in the Iliad (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1982). 482. CODY, JANE M. "The senex amator in
Plautus' Casina,"
Hermes, 104 (1976), 453-76. Useful study of the Roman
playwright's most homosexual work. 483. COLIN, JEAN. "Juvenal et le mariage mystique de Gracchus," Atti della Accademia delle scienze
di Torino, 90:2 (1955-56), 114-216. Detailed study of a kind of
male-male marriage under religious auspices, citing not only Juvenal but
many other Latin authors. 484. COURTNEY, E. C. A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal. London: Athlone
Press, 1980. 662 pp. The most detailed commentary on the Roman poet's text.
See satires 2 and 9; also 5:56-62; 6:33-37; 11:145-58; and 15: 135-37. See
also J. Gerard,
Juvenal et la realite contemporaine (Paris, 1956). 485. CROMPTON, LOUIS. "What Do You Say to
Someone Who Claims that Homosexuality Caused the Fall of Greece and
Rome?"
Christopher Street (March 1978), 49-52. Useful concise demolition of such myths. 486. DANIEL, MARC. Des dieux et des garçons: étude sur l'homosexualité dans la mythologie
grecque.
Paris: Arcadie, 1968. 38 pp. Magico-religious elements in Greek pederasty. 487. DELCOURT, MARIE. Hermaphrodite: Myths and Rites of the Bisexual Figure in Classical Antiquity. Translated by Jennifer
Nicholson. London: Studio Books, 1961. 109 pp. A standard work on the varied
aspects of the hermaphrodite myth in Greco-Roman times. See also her
complementary work, stressing archaeology and art: Hermaphroditéa: recherches sur l'être double promoteur
de la fertilité dans le monde classique (Brussels: Latomus/Revue d'Etudes
Latines, 1966;
76 pp.). 488. DELEPIERRE, JOSEPH OCTAVE. Dissertation sur les idées morales des Grecs et sur le danger de lire Platon. Rouen: J. Lemonnyer, 1879. 20 pp. Curious period document introducing the term
"philopede" derived from Greek philopais. 489. DELORME, JEAN, and WOLFGANG SPEYER. "Gymnasium," Reallexikon
fur Antike und Christentum, 13 (1984), cols. 155-76. Includes a concise account of
pederasty in the gymnasia, and of Christian
objections thereto. See also Delorme's book: Gymnasion: Etude sur les monuments consacrés à l'éducation en Grèce (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1960; 530 pp. ). 490. DEVEREUX, GEORGE. "Greek
Pseudo-homosexuality and the 'Greek Miracle.'" Symbolae
Osloenses, 42 (1967), 69-92. Paradoxical psychoanalytic
study treating Greek pederasty as both an indispensable element of Greek high
culture and a symptom of immaturity. See also his: "The Nature of
Sappho's Seizure in fr 31 LP as Evidence of Her Inversion,"
Classical Quarterly, N.S., 20 (1970), 17-31; and "Why
Oedipus Killed Laius," International Journal of Psychoanalysis,
34 (1953), 132-41. 491. DOVER, KENNETH J., SIR. Greek Homosexuality.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. 244 pp. 106 illustrations. Penetrating study of literary
sources for classical Greece (largely excluding the Hellenistic and Roman
sequels, for which see esp. Buffiere, above). Beginning with a detailed analysis
of Aeschines' "Contra Timarchum," the analysis broadens to
encompass a wide range of topics, some of which are discussed brilliantly.
The treatment of the iconography of vase painting is less satisfactory
(compare, e.g., H. A. Shapiro, "Courtship Scenes in Attic Vase Painting,
"American Journal of Archaeology, 85, 1981, 133-43). For
critical reflections on the book, see John Ungaretti, "De-moralizing
Morality: Where Dover's Greek Homosexuality Leaves Us," JH
8 (1983), 1-17. See also Dover: "Eros and Nomos," Bulletin
of the Institute of Classical Studies (London), 11 (1964),
31-42. 492. DOVER, KENNETH J., SIR. Greek Popular Morality in the Time
of Plato and Aristotle. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1975. 330 pp. An attempt to correct the
traditional overintellectualized picture of Greek attitudes, including those
pertaining to sex, by retrieving the views of the man and woman in the
street. 493. DUBOIS, PAGE. "Phallocentrism and Its Subversion in Plato's
Phaedrus,"
Arethusa, 18 (1985), 91-103. Revising an interpretation of
Jacques Derrida, seeks to show that Plato appropriated maternity to the male
philosopher. See also: Dorothea Wender, "Plato: Misogynist,
Paedophile, and Feminist," Arethusa, 6 (1973),
75-90. 494. DUGAS, LUDOVIC. L'amitié antique d'après les moeurs populaires et les theories des philosophes, Paris: Felix Alcan, 1894. 654 pp. Reprinted New York: Arno Press, 1976. In this comprehensive work concerning ancient
ideas of friendship, see esp. "L'amour
grec" (pp. 84-104), on pederasty. A more recent synthesis
is Jean Fraisse, Philia: la notion d'amitié dans la philosophie antique (Paris: J. Vrin, 1974; 504 pp.). 495. DUMÉZIL, GEORGES. Romans de Scythie et d'alentour. Paris: Payot, 1978. 380 pp. A distinguished French scholar
of comparative Indo-European institutions reflects on the noted passage in
Herodotus 4:67, concerning Scythian effeminacy in relation to subarctic
shamanism ("La maladie des Enarées," pp. 212- 18). 496. DYOR, EUGÈNE. "Dialogues sur l'amour," Arcadie, no. 67-68
(July-August 1959), 397-405. On the work attributed to
Plutarch. See also the edition of this text, Dialogues sur l'amour (Eroticos). Text, translation, and introduction by Robert Flacelière (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1952; 141 pp.; an enlarged edition appreared in
1980). 497. EYBEN, EMIEL. De jonge Romein volgens de literaire bronnen der periode ca. 200 Chr. tot ca. 500 n. Chr. Brussels: 1977.
(Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en
Schone Künsten van Belgiën, Klasse der
Letteren, 39, 81). 691 pp. Granting that in young Romans the expression of
homosexual impulses was stimulated by the school, the gymnasia and the army,
Eyben tends to overstate negative attitudes (see esp. pp. 197, 475-79). There
is a 29-page English summary. 498. FERRI, SILVIO. "Sui vasi greci con epigrafi 'acclamatorie,'" Rendiconti della R. Accademia nazionale dei
lincei; classe di scienze morali
storiche e filologiche, 6th ser., 14 (1938), 93- 179. Claims (unconvincingly) that
the love names on Greek vases are in honor of deceased youths; useful
appendix of texts, pp. 158-79. 499. FIGUEIRA, THOMAS J., and GREGORY NAGY (eds.). Theognis
of Megara: Poetry and Polis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985. 346 pp. Essays on the archaic Greek
poet and the associated corpus (the Theognidea). See esp. Daniel B. Levine,
"Symposium and the Polis (pp. 176-96), John M. Lewis, "Eros and the Polis in Theognis Book II (197-222), and Walter Donlan,
"Pistos Philos Hetairos"
(223-45). 500. FINLEY, MOSES I. The
World of Odysseus. Second ed. New York: Viking, 1978. 188
pp. This influential analysis of Homeric culture, first published in 1954,
highlights the intensity of male bonding in contrast to the relative unimportance
of marital relationships . 501. FLACELIÈRE, ROBERT. Love in
Ancient Greece. New York: Crown, 1962. 224 pp. Translation of L'amour en Grèce (Paris: Hachette, 1960). Although this book is by a classical scholar
of repute, the chapter on homosexuality (pp. 63-100) is tendentious and
sometimes inaccurate. See also: Paul Frischauer, La sexualité dans l'antiquité (Paris: Stock, 1969); Jacques Mazel, Les métamorphoses d'Eros: L'amour dans la Grèce antique (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1984); Frida Wion, "L'amour grec," Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume
Budé, 4th ser., 2 (1970), 249-58. 502. FORNARA, CHARLES W. "The Cult of Harmodius and Aristogeiton," Philologus, 114 (1970), 155-80. On the Athenian custom of commemorating the tyrant slayers, who were
homosexual lovers. 503.
FOUCAULT, MICHEL. L'usage des plaisirs. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. 285 pp. This posthumously published
volume 2 of
Histoire de la sexualité (on a very different plan from that originally envisaged) concentrates on
ancient Greek texts bearing on the economy of self-management, including
pleasure and sex. There is an English translation by Robert Hurley: The Use
of Pleasure (New York: Pantheon, 1985; 293 pp.). Followed by Le souci de soi (Paris: Gallimard, 1984; 284 pp.). 504. FRANCIS, E. D. and M. VICKERS. "Leagros
Kalos," Proceedings
of the Cambridge Philological Society, 207
(1981), 97-136. Major review of
historical problems arising from one of the most famous of the love names
found on Greek vases. 505. FRIEDRICH, PAUL. The Meaning of Aphrodite. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1978. 243 pp. Primarily a reconstruction of
proto-Indo-European cosmology, this monograph includes a discussion of
Sappho and female homosexuality on Lesbos (pp. 108-17). 506.
FUCHS,
HERMANN.
Die Hylasgeschichte bei Apollonios Rhodios und Theokrit. Würzburg: Universität, 1969. 85 pp.
(Inaugural-Dissertation) The tragic story of Hercules'
beloved Hylas, as rendered by two leading Hellenistic writers. 507. GARLAND, YVON, and 0. MASSON. "Les acclamations pédérastiques
de Kalami (Thasos)," Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 106 (1982), 3-22. Publishes a collection of explicit pédérastie
inscriptions from the island of Thasos. See also Merle K. Landon,
"Hymettiana," Hesperia, 54 (1985), 257-70 (esp. p.
264ff. on Attic kalos graffiti). 508. GARRIDO-HORY, MARGUERITE. "La vision du dépendant chez Martial à travers les relations sexuelles," Index (Naples), 10 (1981), 298-315. Structuralist analysis of
evidence from Martial's Epigrams for homosexual (and heterosexual) relations
between masters and slaves. In the same issue, see: Jerzy Kolendo, "L'esclavage et la vie sexuelle des hommes libres à Rome," 288-97; and Claudine Leduc,
"Le discours d'Aristophane et de Ménandre sur la sexualité des maitres
et des esclaves," 271-87; and in vol. 11 (1982), Maria Anton- ietta Cervellera, "Omosessualità e ideologia
schiavistica in Petronio," 221-34. 509. GOLDEN, MARK. "Slavery and Homosexuality
at Athens,"
Phoenix, 38 (1984), 308-24. Holds that the influence of the
institution of slavery affected, sometimes negatively, even relations between
free-born males. 510. GONFROY, FRANÇOISE. "Homosexualité et idéologie esclavagiste chez
Cicéron,"
Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, 4 (1978), 219-65. (Besancon, Université:
Annales littéraires, 225) Exposes Cicero's exploitation of sexual invective for political ends; note useful charts of terms, pp. 238-62. 511. GRANAROLO, JEAN. "L'heure de vérité pour Tallus le cinède (Catulle
XXV),"
Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 60 (1958), 290-306. Observations on the meaning of cinaedus in Roman life. See also his: L'oeuvre de Catulle: aspects religieux, éthiques et stylistiques (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1967; 406 pp.), pp. 160-204. 512. GRIFFIN, JASPER. "Augustan Poetry and the Life of Luxury," Journal
of Roman Studies, 66 (1976), 87- 105. Challenges the view that
homosexual poems are of a different order of unreality from heterosexual
ones (as maintained, e.g., by Gordon Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman
Poetry, London: Oxford University
Press, 1968, p. 551). Insists that Augustan writers in both homosexual and
heterosexual poetry reflect "a mode of life familiar to their
reader." See also Griffin, Latin Poets and Roman Life
(London: Duckworth, 1986; 240 pp.). 513. GRIMAL, PIERRE. L'amour à Rome. Second ed. Paris:
Les Belles Lettres, 1980. 346 pp. While this monograph on Roman
sexual life scants homosexual themes, it is useful for comparative purposes. 514. HERMANN, ALFRED. "Antinous infelix: Zur Typologie des
Heiligen-Unheiligen in der Spätantike," in: Mullus: Festschrift für Theodor
Klauser. Münster:
Aschendorff, 1964, pp. 155-67. Early Christian transformations of the image
of Hadrian's favorite Antinous into that of an "unsaint," a demonic
counter-figure to the Christian saint. 515. HERTER, HANS. "Effeminatus," Reallexikon für Antike und
Christentum, 4 (1959), cols. 620-50. Important learned article on effeminacy and androgyny in Greco-Roman and early
Christian civilization, and the explicit condemnation of the effeminate
"lifestyle" by the Church. 516. HOFFMAN, RICHARD J. "Some Cultural Aspects of Greek Male
Homosexuality,"
JH, 5:3 (1980), 217-26. Stresses the centrality of the
Greek family in relation to the acceptance of homosexual behavior. 517. HOWELL, PETER. A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial.
London: Athlone Press, 1980. 369 pp. Provides detailed comment on
the 20-odd sexually explicit poems, including one lesbian example. A dense
treatment of another book is N. M. Kay, Martial: Book XI: A Commentary
(London: Duckworth, 1985; 304 pp.). See also the commentary of C. Citroni,
accompanying his edition of M. Valerii Martialis Epigrammata (Florence,
1975). 518. HUBERT, CURT.
De Plutarchi amatoria. Kirchhain: Max Schmersow, 1903. 98 pp. Philological commentary on the
essay on love attributed to Plutarch. 519.
HUNGER,
HERBERT.
Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Sixth ed. Vienna: Hollinek, 1969. 444 pp. Valuable concise lexicon of
Greco-Roman mythology, providing not only the essentials of the myths and
their sources, but also lists of later works using them as themes. See
entries for Ganymedes, Hyakinthos, Hylas, etc. 520. JEANMAIRE, HENRI. Couroi et courètes: essai sur
l'éducation
Spartiate et sur les rites d'adolescence dans l'antiquité
hellénique.
Lille: Bibliothèque Universitaire, 1939. 638 pp. Reprinted New York: Arno Press, 1975. See esp. pp. 456-60 on the pédérastie graffiti of the island of Thera. 521. JOCELYN, H. D. "A Greek Indecency and Its Students:
laikazein," Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society,
206 (1980), 12-66. On fellation from evidence in literary works
and graffiti. 522. KEULS, EVA C. The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual politics in Ancient Greece. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. 452 pp. Argues that
there is a close bond between the Athenian fixation on the phallus and the
exploitative domination of women and slaves, on the one hand, and ruthless
imperial aggression, on the other. Overstated and sometimes inaccurate, as
when it claims that pederasty involved prepubertal boys. 523. KIEFER, OTTO. Sexual Life in
Ancient Rome.
New York Dutton, 1935. 379 pp. A somewhat routine
compilation, but occasionally quite useful. Translated by Gilbert and Helen
Highet from Kiefer's Kulturgeschichte Roms (1933). 524. KISELBERG, STEFFEN. De gamle graekere og den nye mand. Copenhagen:
Museum Tusculanum Forlag, 1982. 93 pp. (Rudimenta Graecolatina, 4) Seeks to
relate the ancient Greeks to today's sociosex- ual movements. 525. KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE. Sexual Symbolism; A History of
Phallic Worship. New York: Julian Press, 1957. 217, 196 pp. A pioneering investigation
(1786), using archaeological and literary evidence. In this edition Knight's
work— originally titled A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus— is
followed by Thomas Wright's The Worship of the Generative Powers
(1866). 526. KRENKEL, WERNER A. "Pueri meritorii," |