TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Advisory Editors Contributing Editors Authors ABORTION    Abortions in Ancient Times    Anti-Abortion Laws    Problems Caused by the Laws    Changing Policies    The Right to Life and Pro-Choice Movements    Abortion Procedures    Ethical and Political Issues ADDICTION: SEX ADDICTION ADULTERY    Historical Concepts of Adultery    Modem Concepts and Patterns of Adultery    Swinging    Open Marriage AGING AND SEXUALITY AIDS AND HIV INFECTION    Prevalence    Testing    Research and Treatment    Psychosocial Aspects of AIDS    Treatment Groups    Other Issues of Economics and of Public Policy    AIDS and Politics    Legal and Ethical Issues    A Cross-Cultural View    AIDS and the Future AIDS, RELIGION, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION    Scripture and Tradition AMBISEXUALITY ANAL SEX ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY    Male Anatomy and Physiology    Female Anatomy ANORGASMIA    Introduction    Orgasmic Response    Preorgasmia or Primary Anorgasmia    Secondary Anorgasmia       Situational Anorgasmia       Random Anorgasmia    Summary ANTHROPOLOGY: INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON SEX    The Culture of Anthropology: Its Paradigm    Methods, Findings, and Interpretations       Participant Observation: Method       Participant Observation: Findings and Interpretations       Cross-Cultural Research: Method       Cross-Cultural Research: Findings and Interpretations    Contemporary Perspectives and Concerns About Anthropology, Sex, and Culture APHRODISIACS AND ANAPHRODISIACS    Aphrodisiacs    Anaphrodisiac ART: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND OTHER VISUAL ART    Western Christian Tradition    Growth of Erotic Art THE ARTS AND SEXUALITY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AUTOEROTICISM BENJAMIN, HARRY BERDACHE AND AMAZON ROLES AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS    Berdache    Amazon    Same-Sex Marriage    European Impact BESTIALITY    Folklore, Literature, and Humor    Behavior    Law    The Imaginary and the Real BISEXUALITY BLOCH, IWAN BODY IMAGERY AND GUIDED IMAGERY    Body Imagery at the Center for Marital and Sexual Studies BONDAGE BOOKSELLING IN THE FIELD OF SEXOLOGY BUDDHISM AND SEX BUKKAKE    Introduction    Masturbation and bukkake    Bukkake on the Internet    The Mainstreaming of Bukkake    Sexual Health    Risks    Discussion    References BUTCH AND FEMME, TOP AND BOTTOM, IN A GAY WORLD    Butch and Femme in the Lesbian Community    Butch and Fern, Top and Bottom, Among Gay Men    Conclusions CALDERONE, MARY S. CANCER AND SEXUALITY    Effects of Cancer Treatment on Male Sexuality       Prostate Cancer       Testicular Cancer       Bladder Cancer       Colon Rectal Cancer       Penile Cancer       Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy    Effects of Cancer Treatment on Female Sexuality       Gynecologic Cancers       Bladder Cancer       Colon Rectal Cancer       Breast Cancer       Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy    Conclusion CANON LAW AND SEX    St. Augustine's Influence    The Penitentials    Gratian's Influence    Sexual Sins and Offenses CASANOVA; CASANOVISM CASTRATION CATHOLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD SEXUALITY    Sexuality in Marriage    Premarital Sex    Abortion    Homosexuality CENSORSHIP AND SEX    The Narrated and Written Word    Censorship of the Press in England and America       Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries       Eighteenth Century       The Nineteenth Century       Twentieth Century    Theater and Performance    Art    Music    Film    Radio    Television    Telephone    Conclusion CENTER FOR MARITAL AND SEXUAL STUDIES CERVICAL CAP CHASTITY GIRDLES CHILDREN AND SEX    The Infant's Developing Sexuality    Later Childhood Sexual Development    Pediatric and Adolescent Sexual Problems    Sexual Abuse of Children CHILDREN AND SEX, PART II: CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY    Self-Exploration and Autoerotic Activity    Sexual Fantasy    Encounters With Peers    Inhibiting Sexual Experiences of Infants and Young Children    Child Sexuality as Society Sees It CHINA AND SEX    Changing Attitudes Toward Sex in China Today CIRCUMCISION—MALE: EFFECTS UPON HUMAN SEXUALITY    Medical Procedure    Function of the Foreskin CLIMACTERIC CLINICAL INTERVENTION WITH TRANSGENDERED CLIENTS AND THEIR PARTNERS    Terminology    Clinical Intervention    Women Partners of Transvestites    Clinical Treatment of the Couple    Clinical Treatment of the Transsexual    Conclusion COERCION: SEXUAL COERCION COITAL POSITIONS    Male Superior    Female Superior    Other Positions COMMUNICATION AND SEXUALITY    Learning to Communicate    Language Styles Used to Discuss Sexuality    Nonverbal Sexual Communication    Factors Affecting Sexual Communication    Improving Sexual Communication COMPULSION: SEXUAL COMPULSION COMSTOCK, ANTHONY; COMSTOCKERY    Comstockery    Anthony Comstock CONDOM CONFUCIANISM AND SEX CONTRACEPTION: BIRTH CONTROL    Historical Methods of Birth Control    Diaphragms    Cervical Caps    Vaginal Sponges    Condoms    Spermicides    Oral Contraceptives    Progestin Implants    Intrauterine Devices (lUDs)    Abstinence    Sterilization    Other Birth Control Methods    Summary COUNSELING: SEXUALITY COUNSELING    Counseling vs. Psychotherapy    Theoretical Perspectives and Techniques    Sexual Counseling COURTESANS COURTSHIP COUVADE CROSS-DRESSING    Historical Cross-Dressing    Development of the Medical Model to Explain Transvestism    Current Patterns of Cross-Dressing    Research About Cross-Dressing DANCE AND SEXUALITY    Historical Forms of Dance    Issues of Sexuality in Dance DATE RAPE; ACQUAINTANCE RAPE DAVIS, KATHARINE BEMENT DICKINSON, ROBERT LATOU DISABILITIES AND SEXUALITY    Needs of Individuals with Learning Problems    Marriage    Parenting    Policies and Procedures    Principles for Establishing Policies and Procedures    Implementing Sexuality Education Programs    Strategies for Implementing Lessons and Discussions    Instructional Materials THE DOUBLE STANDARD AND SEX EDUCATION: SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES    Prevalence of Sexuality Education in the United States    Objectives    Content of Sexuality Education    Support for Sexuality Education    Resources for More Information EJACULATION    Male Ejaculation       Controlling Ejaculation       Premature Ejaculation       Ejaculatory Incompetence    Female Ejaculation ELLIS, ALBERT ELLIS, HAVELOCK EMBRYOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL AND GENERATIVE ORGANS    Gates 1 and 2: Chromosomal (or Genetic and Gonadal) Sex    Gate 3: Hormonal Sex    Gate 4: Internal Sexual Anatomy    Gate 5: External Sexual Anatomy       The Eve and Adam Plans    Gate Six: Sexual Dimorphism in Neural Tendencies    Development of the Mammary Glands    Puberty    Anomalous Developments of the Sexual and Generative Organs EROTICISM ETHOLOGY AND SEXOLOGY    Ethological Aspects of Sexual Behavior    Proceptive Behavior    Receptive Behavior    Conceptive Behavior EUGENICS EXTRAMARITAL SEX    Sociobiological Explanations    Cross-Cultural Research    Legacy of EMS in Western Society    Contemporary Extramarital Sex    Summary FANTASIES AND SEX FASHION, CLOTHING AND SEX FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMINISM AND SEXOLOGY    Feminists' View of the Social Construction of Sexuality    Factors Affecting Sexology Research    Two Camps of Feminists       Radical Feminists       Liberal Feminists    Feminist Sexology FESTIVALS AND SEX    The Cultural Context of Sex and Celebration    Rituals of Reversal and Sexual License    Fertility    Marriage Ceremonies    Rites of Passage    Sex in Temples and Sacred Spaces    Conclusion FLAGELLATION FOREPLAY FRAUD: SEX FRAUD FREUD, SIGMUND FRIENDSHIP: FEMALE-MALE FRIENDSHIP    Historical Perspective    Female-Male Friendship    Benefits of Friendship    Barriers to Female-Male Friendship       Societal Restrictions       Lack of Role Definition       Internal Barriers: Jealousy    Favorable Conditions for Female-Male Friendship    Sexual Attraction and Female-Male Friendship       Platonic Relationships       Friendships That Include Sex    Conclusion FROTTEURISM G SPOT AND FEMALE PLEASURE GEBHARD, PAUL H. GENDER    Sex and Gender    The Cultural Anthropology of Gender    Sex Differences GENDER: PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY    The First Generation of Measures    Sex Stereotypes    Second-Generation Measures of M&F    Ending Dimorphic Sexual Essentialism    Gender Dysphoria and Stigmatization GENDER DYSPHORIA    Characteristics    Typology    Causes    Rehabilitation GENETICS AND SEX    The Sex Chromosomes    Sperm and Ovum Production    Chromosomes and Anomalous Sexual Development    Genetics and Anomalous Sexual Development GERMAN SEX RESEARCHERS GONADS GRAEFENBERG, ERNST GRAFFITI    Graffiti Categories    History of Graffiti    Interpretations of Graffiti Content    Sexual Graffiti    Who Writes Graffiti? GREEKS: SEXUAL CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS GUILT: SEX GUILT HAIRE, NORMAN HERMAPHRODITES    Normal Embryonic and Fetal Development    Abnormal Genetic Development    Klinefelter's Syndrome    True Hermaphroditism HINDUISM HIRSCHFELD, MAGNUS HOMOPHOBIA    Defining Homophobia    Research on Attitudes About Homosexuality    The Social Construction of Homosexuality HOMOSEXUALITY    Definitions    The Sexual Aspects of Homosexuality    Psychological Adjustment    Relationship to Other Phenomena    Therapy    Conclusion HOMOSEXUALITY AND LESBIANISM: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES    Problems of Definition    India    Asia    Native Americans    New Guinea    Conclusion HORMONES: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM    Fetal Sexual Development    Hormonal Control of Sexual Maturation    Gonadal Steroids and Sexual Maturation    Male Reproductive Function    Female Reproductive Function HUMOR AND SEX HYMEN IMPOTENCE    Biological Causes    Evaluation    Treatment INCEST    Behaviors    Effects INCUBUS AND SUCCUBUS INDIANS: NATIVE NORTH AMERICANS INFANT SEXUALITY    Sexual Response and Behavior    Circumcision    Toilet Training    Sexual Socialization INFERTILITY    Fertility    Causes of Infertility    Infertility in Men    Infertility in Women    Treatment of Men    Treatment of Women    Technologies    Emotional Impact of Infertility    Financial Issues    Legislation INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY OF HUMAN SEXUALITY INTERSEXUALITY    Terminology    Categories of intersex conditions    Some history of the management of intersexuality    Intersexuality among non-human species    Transsexual    Support groups for intersex persons and transsexual persons INTIMACY INTRAUTERINE DEVICE: DEVELOPMENT ISLAM: SEXUAL RELATIONS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD    Homosexuality    Equality of the Sexes    The Muslim Family    Women in Islam JOHNSON, VIRGINIA E. JORGENSEN, CHRISTINE JOURNALS: SEXUALITY JOURNALS JUDAISM AND SEXUALITY    Attitude Toward Sex    Prohibited and Encouraged Sex    Homosexuality    Onanism    Love and Marriage    Divorce    Abortion    Contraception    Bastardy    Sex for Pleasure    Prostitution JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS KINSEY, ALFRED C.    The Kinsey Reports    The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction KIRKENDALL, LESTER A. KRAFFT-EBING, RICHARD VON KUNYAZA LANGUAGE AND SEX    Sexual Discourses       Medico-scientific Discourse       Standard Discourse       Informal Discourse and Slang       Euphemism       Intimate Language       Insults       Erotica    Recreational Use of Sexual Language    Pathological Use of Sexual Language    Male versus Female Use of Sexual Language    Sexual Lexicography    Conclusion LAWS AND SEX    Enforcement-of-Morals Debate and Its Lessons    Four Major Areas of Change       Freedom of Expression: Obscenity       Contraception and Abortion       Marriage and Divorce       Law Concerning Homosexuality    Sex Research and Sex Therapy    Child Sexual Abuse    Teenage Sexual Behavior and the Law    Transsexuals LEARNING THEORIES AND SEXUALITY LEHFELDT, HANS LESBIANISM LIEF, HAROLD LIMERENCE LITERATURE: EROTIC THEMES    The Ancient World: Eastern Culture    The Ancient World: Greece and Rome    The Ancient World: Hebrews and Christians    The Middle Ages    The Renaissance, the Reformation, the Restoration, and the 18th-Century...    Victorians and the Late Romantics    Modern Literature    Conclusion LOVE AND SEX LOVEMAPS MARTIN, CLYDE E. MASOCHISM MASTERS, WILLIAM HOWELL MASTURBATION MASTURBATORY INSANITY MATE SELECTION MENARCHE MENOPAUSE MENSTRUATION MISCEGENATION MISOGYNIST, MISOGYNY MOLL, ALBERT MONEY, JOHN WILLIAM MONOGAMY MORALITY: SEXUAL MORALITY MORROW, PRINCE A., AND THE SOCIAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT MOSHER, CLELIA DUEL MOVIES: SEXUALITY IN CINEMA    Censorship    Sexuality in Early Films    Early Modern Film    Modern Film    Sexually Liberated Modern Film    The Future MULTIORGASM MUSIC AND SEX NAZIS AND SEX NUDISM    Is Nudism a Sexual Phenomenon? NYMPHOMANIA OBSCENE TELEPHONE CALLS ONANISM ORAL-GENITAL SEX ORGANIZATIONS: PROFESSIONAL ORGASM ORGASM ENHANCEMENT    Pompoir    Multiple female orgasms    Strengthening vaginal muscles, tightening the vagina    Tumescence    Erectile problems PARAPHILIAS PARTHENOGENESIS PASSION Passionate Love and Sexual Desire: Cultural and Historical Perspectives    I. Definitions of Passionate Love and Sexual Desire       Overview    II. Anthropological and Evolutionary Perspectives    III. Historical Perspectives    IV. Cross-Cultural Perspectives       A. The Cross-Cultural Data          1. Susceptibility to Passionate Love          2. Intensity of Passionate Love    IV. Directions for Future Research       A. Historical Differences in the Meaning of Passionate Love and Sexual Desire    VII. Gazing Into The Future       A. From Male Supremacy to Gender Equality       B. The Pursuit of Happiness and the Avoidance of Pain       C. A Belief That Things Can Change for the Better    References PEDERASTY IN ANCIENT AND EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY PETTING PHEROMONES PHILOSOPHY AND SEX PHOBIAS PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND SEX    Some Common Disabling Diseases and Conditions       Cerebral Palsy (CP).       Stroke.       Multiple Sclerosis (MS).       Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI).       Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).       Poliomyelitis (Polio).       Muscular Diseases.       Amputations.       Spina Bifida.       Some Possible Sexual Effects of Disabilities Discussed Above PIMP PLEASURE: SEX AND PLEASURE    Pleasure Resistance    Pleasures of Sex    The Connection Between Pleasure and Health.    Emotional Involvement       Love       Intimacy       Affectionate Touch       Angry Passion    Eroticism       Sensuality       Fantasy       Romance       Resistance Anticipation       Pain as an Aphrodisiac       Forbiddenness       Novelty, Adventure, Challenge    Sex Play    Erotic Potential POLITICAL THEORY: SEX AND POLITICAL THEORY POLYANDRY POLYGAMY POLYGYNY POMEROY, WARDELL BAXTER PORNOGRAPHY    History    The Three Commissions    The Evidence    Pornography Defined    Matching Pornography to Fantasy PREGNANCY    Labor    Management of Labor    Cesarean Section    Fetal Indications for Cesarean Section    The Types of Cesarean Section    Pregnancy Complications    Medical Problems in Pregnancy       AIDS       Drugs    The Postpartum Period    Sex    The Postpartum Examination PREMARITAL SEXUALITY    Incidence and Prevalence of Teenage Sexual Activity    Factors That Influence the Initiation of Sexual Activity    Contraceptive Use During Premarital Sexual Behavior    Risks Associated with Premarital Sexual Activity PREMATURE EJACULATION PRINCE, VIRGINIA PRISONS: SEX IN PRISONS    Rape    Consensual Male Homosexual Liaisons    Homosexual Prostitution    Female Homosexual Liaisons    Inmate-Staff Sexual Liaisons    AIDS    Conclusion PROSTATE PROSTITUTION PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SEXUALITY    Love and Sexual Arousal    Limerence    Attachment    Forms of Love    Psychological Determinants of Sexual Behavior    Sexual Orientation    Extramarital Sex RACE, SEX, AND MYTHS: IMAGES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN RAPE RELIGION AND SEXUALITY    Formal or Informal Values    Natural or Unnatural Sex    Control Mechanisms    Two World Views       The Fixed World View       The Process World View       General Comparisons    Western Sexual Values RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND FUNCTIONING    Clinical Examples RUNDEN, CHARITY EVA S SACHER-MASOCH, LEOPOLD RITTER VON SADE, MARQUIS DE (DONATIEN-ALPHONSE-FRANÇOIS, COMTE DE SADE) SADISM SANGER, MARGARET SATYRS, SATYRIASIS; SEXUAL ADDICTION SCIENCE AND SEXOLOGY    Feminist and Other Postpositivist Views of Science    Preventing Presuppositions from Overwhelming Science    The Scientific Restructuring of Sexology SEXOLOGICAL EXAMINATION    Male Sexological Examination    Female Sexological Examination SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION    Sexual Dysfunctions    Sexual Problems and Difficulties SEXUAL ORIENTATION    Introduction    Assessment of Sexual Orientation    Measures of Sexual Orientation    The "Limerent and Lusty" Theory of Sexual Orientation    What Causes Variability in Sexual Orientation?    Conclusions SEXUAL REVOLUTION SEXUAL VALUES AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT    Sexual Values    Sexual Morality    Modernity Threatens Traditional Morality    Moral Development    Caring and Moral Emotion    Ethical Action Guides for Sexuality SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES    Trichomoniasis    Chlamydia    Herpes    Gardnerella    Group B. Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus    Syphilis    Gonorrhea    Venereal Warts    Molluscum Contagiosum    Yeasts: Candida Albicans et al.    Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections    Donovanosis    Chancroid    Viral Hepatitis    Cytomegalovirus Infections    Pubic Lice and Scabies    Enteric Infections    AIDS    Conclusion SOCIOBIOLOGY    Parental Investment Theory    Mate Selection    R and K Selection SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SEXUALITY    Structural-Functional Theories of Sexuality    Conflict theories    Symbolic Interactionism    Ethnomethodology and Phenomenology SODOM AND SODOMY    Sodomy STERILIZATION STÖCKER, HELENE STOPES, MARIE CHARLOTTE CARMICHAEL STRESS AND SEXUALITY SURROGATES: SEXUAL SURROGATES TAOISM AND SEX THERAPY: SEX THERAPY    Historical Perspectives    Sex Therapy Today    Assessment    Sexual Problems and Therapy TOUCH AND SEXUALITY    Touch and Childhood Development    Developmental Neuropsychology of Touch    An Obstacle to Affection TOYS: SEX TOYS    Dildos    Vibrators    Ben-wa Balls    Other Sex Toys TRANSSEXUALISM    Introduction    Historical Perspective    Gender Dysphoria and the Spectrum of Gender Identity Disorders    Transsexualism and Body Image    Evaluation    Trial of Cross-Gender Living—The Real-Life Test    Hormone Therapy    Sex Reassignment Surgery for Primary Transsexuals    Conclusion ULRICHS, KARL HEINRICH VAN DE VELDE, THEODOOR HENDRIK VIRILITY AND MACHISMO Appendix: ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF SEX INFORMATION    How to Do Further Research    Pathways to Sex Information       Quick Searches       Getting a Basic Background       In-Depth Investigations       Hiring Help    Basic Reference Works       Encyclopedias and Dictionaries       Directories and Catalogs       Classics       Textbooks and Basic Guides       Collections    Books and Other Monographs       Library Catalog       Books in Print       Bibliographies       Reviews       Dissertations       Catalog Ordering Sources    Periodicals       Indexes and Abstracts       Journals and Magazines    Data Bases    Conference Papers    Audiovisuals    Organizations       Professional Associations       Advocacy and Common-Interest Organizations       Organizations Addressing a Specific Disease or Problem       Self-Help Organizations       Research Centers       Libraries with Collections on Sexual Topics       Universities Granting Degrees in Sexology and Related Programs    People A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V